Science - 3.4: Waste Disposal

structure of the urinary tract itself

structure that prevents backflow of urine in the urinary tract?

Bacteria

most common cause of urinary tract infections

how bacteria enters urinary tract

through the urethra

causes of kidney disease

high blood pressure, kidney stones, and infections

It can damage the capillaries where blood is filtered, affecting kidney function.

How does high blood pressure affect the kidneys?

Chemicals in urine combine to create hard crystals.

What causes kidney stones to form?

They can block the fine tubes within the kidney, causing pain.

What happens if kidney stones are too large?

They can be removed surgically or shattered into smaller pieces using ultrasound.

How can kidney stones be treated?

About 2 liters of urine in every 24-hour period.

What is the average daily urine output recommended for kidney health?

defecation

process of getting rid of solid waste (faeces) from the body

excretion

process of getting rid of wastes produced by the body

organs involved in excretion

lungs, skin, liver, and kidneys

role of lungs

expels carbon dioxide and water as waste products during respiration

role of liver

breaks down amino acids into urea and detoxifies harmful substances

role of kidney

filtering blood, excreting urea, and regulating water and salt levels

percentage of water in urine

95%

reason for urine being yellow

pigment from the breakdown of hemoglobin

role of bladder

store urine until it is expelled from the body. function of bladder

role of the urethra

carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

nephrons

tiny filtration units in the kidneys that process blood

medulla of kidney

part containing cone-shaped funnels that drain urine from nephrons

renal pelvis

central part of the kidney that drains urine to the ureter and bladder

what happens to urine when hydrated

dilute urine is produced, which is clear or pale yellow

what happens to urine when dehydrated

concentrated urine is produced, which has a strong gold color

significance of salt levels in blood

correct salt concentration is crucial for cell function

function of sphincter muscle

controls the emptying of the bladder