Gastrointestinal System

chyme

Moistened food mixed with acid from the stomach

constipation

Inability to eliminate feces from the colon

diarrhea

Frequent passage of watery stool

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

hemorrhoids

Varicose veins in the rectum and/or anus

jaundice (icterus)

Yellow discoloration of the skin associated with liver disease

Emulsify fats and make them water soluble

What is the function of bile?

medulla (CRTZ)

Where is the vomiting center in the brain?

small intestines

Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur?

volvulus

Condition in which the intestines twist upon themselves.

intussusception

Condition in which a segment of intestines telescopes into another segment.

melena

Dark tarry stool from digested blood.

Kupfer cells

The cells in the liver that engulf and digest bacteria and other foreign substances

gall bladder

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

mouth

Where does digestion begin?

stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth and oral tissues.

Candida albicans

The cause of oral thrush. (be specific)

cirrhosis of the liver

The most common cause of esophageal varices.

hernia

Protrusion of part of an organ through a muscular wall or opening.

hiatal hernia

Protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm.

Helicobacter pylori

The bacterial cause of most peptic ulcers.

hematemesis

Vomiting blood

liver

Where is bile produced?

Salmonella

Common bacterial cause of food poisoning.

appendicitis

Disease with generally lower right quadrant pain, fever, nausea and leukocytosis.

males before puberty

What sex and age is appendicitis more likely?

appendectomy

Treatment for appendicitis

gluten

The dietary ingredient that triggers Celiac disease

diverticula

Small pouches that form in the intestines in which the mucosal layer pushes through the muscular layer.

Women, young adult

Sex and age in which chronic ulcerative colitis is more common?

familial polyposis

Heritable condition of multiple polyps that increases the risk of colon cancer.

Chronic ulcerative colitis

Disease characterized by intermittent bloody diarrhea, cramping and a classic "pipestem" colon seen on radiographs.

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Alternating diarrhea and constipation with no visible lesions seen in the colon.

viral

Etiology of hepatitis.

Hepatitis A

Type of hepatitis spread through contaminated food and water.

Hepatitis B

Type of hepatitis also known as serum hepatitis that can be spread through blood or serum.

Hepatitis C

Type of hepatitis that more often results in a liver transplant and in which there is no vaccine available.

cirrhosis of the liver

Degeneration of liver cells replaced with scar tissue resulting in a knobby appearance.

ascites

Fluid accumulation in the abdomen.

Gynecomastia, ascites, hepatic coma, jaundice, esophageal varices, hematemesis, anemia .......

Possible sequela of cirrhosis. Name 2.

alcoholism

Most common cause of cirrhosis.

cholelithiasis

Condition of stones in the gallbladder

cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gall bladder

cholecystectomy

Removal of the gallbladder

peritonitis

Inflammation of the lining of the abdomen

villi

The fingerlike projections in the small intestine in which absorption of most nutrients occurs

water absorption

Major function of the large intestines

cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)

GERD occurs when which sphincter is incompetent

Chronic atrophic gastritis

Degenerative condition in which lining of stomach does not secrete intrinsic factor & hydrochloric acid.

dysentery

Infection & inflammation of the colon with bloody stool, often associated with Entamoeba histolytica

paralytic

A decrease in peristalsis is characteristic of which type of obstruction?

malabsorption syndrome

Pale, fatty, unformed stool with a strong odor with a failure to maintain weight likely indicates this disease

Herpes simplex virus type 1

Viral cause of stomatitis

adhesions

Linking of surfaces by scar tissue that can distort the GI tract

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

The chemical test to detect blood in the stool.

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

The common cause for "heartburn" especially after eating and lying down

amylase

Increased blood & urine concentrations for this enzyme can be indicative of pancreatitis