ACCITAT_Week05_Types-of-Information-Systems 2025-2026, 1st Semester

database

is an organized collection of data that allows for easy access, management, and updating.

database

It stores data in a structured manner, making retrieval and processing more efficient.

Database Management System (DBMS)

is a software that allows users to store, retrieve, manipulate, and manage data efficiently in a database.

Relational DBMS (RDBMS)

MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle are examples of

NoSQL DBMS

MongoDB, Cassandra are examples of

manual database

is a collection of data stored and organized using physical methods, such as paper records, filing cabinets, notebooks, or ledgers.

Manual database

It relies entirely on human effort for updating, retrieving, and managing information.

Physical Storage

Information is stored in physical formats like paper or cards.

Manual Processing

Data entry, retrieval, and updates are done by hand.

Limited Search Capabilities

Searching for information is timeconsuming and often relies on manual indexing or categorization.

Prone to Errors

Human errors during data entry or retrieval are common.

Low Initial Cost

Requires no special software or hardware but longterm maintenance can be costly.

computerized database

uses computer systems and software to store, retrieve, and manage data electronically.

computerized database

These databases utilize Database Management Systems (DBMS) for efficient data handling.

Digital Storage

Information is stored electronically on servers or cloud platforms.

Automated Processing

Data entry, updates, and retrieval are automated through software applications.

Advanced Search Capabilities

Instant search and filtering using query languages like SQL.

Data Integrity and Security

Builtin mechanisms to reduce errors, ensure data accuracy, and protect sensitive information.

Remote Accessibility

Users can access data anytime, anywhere using the internet.

Relational Database management System(RDBMS)

is a database management system based on the relational model introduced by E.F Codd. In relational model, data is stored in relations(tables) and is represented in form of tuples(rows).

Relational database

is a collection of organized set of tables related to each other, and from which data can be accessed easily.

Query Language (QL)

is a programming language designed to retrieve, manipulate, and manage data in a database.

Query Language (QL)

It allows users to perform actions such as fetching records, updating data, inserting new entries, and deleting existing records

MySQL

Best used for websites, applications

PostgreSQL

Best used for complex applications, data analytics

Oracle DB

Best used for large enterprises, banking

MongoDB

Best used for big data, flexible data structures

Microsoft Access

Best used for small businesses, personal databases

Field

is the smallest unit of data in a database, representing a single attribute.

Record

is a collection of related fields that represent a single entity.

Table

is a collection of related records stored in a database.

Primary Key

is a unique identifier for a record, it ensures that no two records are the same

Data Redundancy

DBMS: Minimizes redundancy | Traditional File System: High redundancy

Data Security

DBMS: Controlled access, encryption | Traditional File System: Less security measures

Data Integrity

DBMS: Enforces rules (constraints) | Traditional File System: No built-in integrity checks

Data Retrieval

DBMS: Fast, SQL-based queries | Traditional File System: Slow, manual searches

Scalability

DBMS: Handles large data efficiently | Traditional File System: Limited scalability

Backup & Recovery

DBMS: Automated backups | Traditional File System: Manual backups required

Information Systems

Study of information production, flow, and use within organizations

Information Systems

A combination of hardware, software, people, procedures, and data that provides data processing capabilities for a business or organization

Information Systems

It is a set of Interrelated components that collect (input),process, store and disseminate (output) data and information. It Provides a feedback mechanism to monitor and control its operation to make sure it continues to meet its goals and objectives.

Database Management System (DBMS)

is the backbone of all types of information systems because it stores, organizes, and manages data efficiently. Without this, information systems wouldn't be able to function properly, as they rely on databases to retrieve, update, and analyze data.

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

Examples:

• Point of Sale (POS) systems in supermarkets

• Payroll processing systems

• Online banking transactions

Outputs:

• Receipts, invoices, payroll reports

• Transaction logs

Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)

are specialized applications designed to support the complex work of professionals such as engineers, scientists, and financial analysts.

Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)

These systems provide advanced tools and capabilities for data analysis, simulation, and visualization, enabling knowledge workers to generate new insights, solve problems, and make informed decisions

Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)

Its purpose is to support knowledge workers (engineers, designers, researchers) in creating and managing knowledge.

Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)

Examples:

• ComputerAided Design (CAD) software

• Virtual Reality (VR) tools for product modeling

• Research and development databases

Outputs:

• Designs, blueprints, research reports

• Simulations and prototypes

Management Information Systems (MIS)

A system that collects, processes, and provides reports on structured data to help middle managers with routine decision making.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

Its purpose is to provide summarized reports for middle management decision making.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

Examples:

• Sales and inventory reports

• Employee performance dashboards

• Financial management systems

Outputs:

• Periodic reports (weekly, monthly)

• Trend analysis and summary charts

Decision Support System (DSS)

A system that helps in solving complex and semi structured problems by providing analytical tools, models, and simulations.

Decision Support System (DSS)

Its purpose is to help managers analyze data to make better decisions.

Decision Support System (DSS)

Examples:

• Loan approval systems in banks

• Business forecasting software

• Risk analysis models

Outputs:

• "Whatif" scenario analysis

• Risk assessment reports

Executive Information System (EIS)

A system that provides top executives with summarized, high level reports and key performance indicators (KPIs) for strategic decision-making.

Executive Information System (EIS)

Its purpose is to provide top executives with critical data for strategic decision making.

Executive Information System (EIS)

Examples:

• Company performance dashboards

• Competitor benchmarking reports

Outputs:

• Highlevel summaries and KPIs

• Visualized data reports

Expert System (ES)

A system that mimics human expert decision making by using rules, logic, and AI to provide expert level recommendations.

Expert System (ES)

Its purpose is to use AI to replicate human expertise in decision making.

Expert System (ES)

Examples:

• Medical diagnosis systems

• Chatbots for customer support

• Fraud detection systems

Outputs:

• Problemsolving recommendations

• Automated decisions