Demographic Trends and Impacts (Level 3)

Population Decline

The decrease in the number of people

Below-Replacement Birthrate

Declining birthrate; fewer children being born

Aging Society

Increase in the proportion of elderly people

Declining Birthrate and Aging Population

The combined issue of fewer births and an aging population

Population Density

Number of people living in a given area

Urbanization

The increasing movement of people to cities

Depopulation

The decline in population in rural areas

Regional Revitalization

Efforts to revitalize rural areas and promote local economies

Gender Equality

Equal rights for men and women

Family Structure

Composition and relationships within a family

Nuclear Family

A family consisting of parents and their children

Dual-Income Households

Both spouses working

Caregiving

Providing assistance to elderly or disabled people

Parental Leave

Time off work to care for a child

Separate Surnames for Married Couples

A controversial issue in Japan regarding whether married couples should share the same surname

Work-Life Balance

The balance between time spent working and personal life

Youth Migration

Movement of young people from rural to urban areas

Aging Workforce

Increase in the number of elderly people in the workforce

Elderly Care Services

Services provided for the elderly to support their health and well-being

Social Security System

Programs designed to provide financial support for elderly, unemployed, or disabled individuals