Chapter 3 Textbook

Anterior cingulate cortex

Brain region implicated in the mediation of reward-seeking behavior, control of empathy and other emotions, and governing conscious rational decisions.

Freud

Believed that the solution to the problem of self-regulation is when 4- year- olds unconsciously renounce the sexual feelings they have for their parents.

Aggression

may pose the greatest threat to a group's well-being and even its survival.

William James

Believes that human conceptions of an omniscient God serve the same socializing purpose as do the social psychologists reflecting devices.

Conscientiousness

Characteristics such as hardworking, self- disciplined, responsible, reliable, dutiful, well organized, persevering.

George Herbert Mead

Thinks that when children become aware of how the social world sees them, they will monitor behavior more closely and aim to act to meet the approval of the generalized other.

Antisocial behavior

acting in ways that directly threaten the health, well-being, and lives of other social actors in the group by using aggression most of the times.

Ate

A kind of raging passion, pseudodemonic, that banished reason.

Agreeableness

Characteristics such as love, empathy, friendliness, cooperation, and care.

Effortful control (EC)

Provides a temperament foundation for the development of children's conscience.

Self-regulation

Depends on the observation of the actor by an audience, be that audience in the real world or in the actor's mind.

Japanese

________ are less influenced by mirrors than Americans

Authorities

Routinely employ aggression or the threat of aggression for the purposes of social control.

Ego depletion

self-regulation becomes fatigued because an inner resource of self-regulatory energy has been used up.

Emotions

Give you advice on how things are going inside and outside by alerting you to opportunities for reward and by warning you of danger.

Prozac

Drug developed to treat depression and that regulates one's serotonin levels.

Sociopath

Adult that expresses no empathy for other humans or no remorse for their antisocial behavior.

Cortisol

Securely attached toddlers show healthier patterns of daily _______ production suggesting better-regulated responses to stress.

Conscience

Consists of rule-compatible conduct and moral emotions.

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter implicated in the development of EC and self- regulation.

EC

Deficiencies in ______ are associated with the development of aggressive and antisocial behavior.

Phinneas Gage

His left frontal lobe was destroyed, resulting in an injury to self-regulation.

Empathy, guilt

Key moral emotions for the development of conscience.

PFC and ACC

Brain regions that help the executive attention network function.

Low serotonergic function

Being inefficient and maladaptive.

Primitive mode

Outside of consciousness, impulsive, reactive, implicit, and associative.

Secondary mode

Conscious thought, rational decision making, deliberative, reflective, strategic, and logical.

High serotonergic function

Works to enhance the efficacy of the secondary system of processing.

Watching

Human beings act in more socially desirable ways when they know or believe that other human beings are ________ them.

Regulation of emotions

Involves making emotions more advisory than obligatory.

Self-regulation

5 of the 7 deadly Christian sins involve a failure in this.

Securely

________ attached toddlers show better regulation of their emotions + behavior.

Prefrontal cortex

Brain region implicated in planning complex social behavior.

Effortful control

effort exerted to control one's impulses by developing a course of action to keep one focused on a long-term goal in the presence of a short-term distraction.

High serotonergic function

being efficient and adaptive.

Self-regulation

Controlling our feelings, impulses, and behaviors so that we maximize the chances of positive and minimize the chances of negative outcomes.

Executive attention network

Network activated in situations in which a person needs to detect errors in the environment, cope with conflicting cognitive appraisals, overcome habitual or automatic response patterns or monitor their own behavior in the face of competing demands

Emotions

Powerful social-moral _______ are embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride

Objective self-awareness

When the actor becomes explicitly aware of the self as an object of perception

Self-regulation

Acts as a muscle that becomes fatigued from overuse

Spindle cells

Cells found only in humans and elephants that help to address difficult cognitive problems such as the detection of errors

Externalizing behaviors

When children and adolescents engage in aggressive activities and antisocial behaviors

Mary's mother

Emotionally dysregulated, delusional

Self-regulation

Central theme of The Liars Club

Mirrors

When people are positioned in front of _____, they work harder, are kinder and more altruistic, and comply more with social rules

Self-awareness

Seeing oneself reflected in a mirror induces a heightened feeling of objective _____-_______

Self-control

As people exert greater and greater efforts in ____-_____, they eventually break down, committing social errors and showing poor performance on subsequent tasks

Shift, disinhibited

As people repeatedly attempt to self-regulate, they start to _____ their attention toward rewarding cues and thoughts, making them more prone to ______ behavior

High, low

Parents from individualist societies (Europe + North America) encourage ____-arousal positive emotions in their babies such as joy/excitement but parents from collectivists societies (East Asia + Africa) encourage _____-arousal positive emotions such as mild joy/calm/contentment/serenity

Marshmallow, distraction, effortful

In the delayed gratification study with a _______, children who waited to have 2 marshmallows used the strategy of ______. Later in life, they also had more ______ control, fewer behavior problems, better friendships, and higher SAT scores

Better

Girls tend to show ______ EC than boys

Deprived

Children from economically ______ families have lower levels of EC

Better

Chinese and Korean preschoolers show ______ EC than North Americans

Fewer, honestly

People who tend to feel more guilt make _____ unethical business decisions, commit ____ delinquent behaviors and behave more ____ when making economic decisions

Reduces, decreases, increases

Experimentally increasing serotonergic function ______ responsiveness to negative emotional stimuli, ______ aggression, and ______ cooperativeness and social effectiveness

ADHD

Low serotonergic function among children is linked to ______

A, C

Both high ___ and ___ are predictive of the quality of love relationships

C

High ___ is correlated with high success at work

Academic

High C predicts ______ achievement in school

Satisfaction, losing

People high in C tend to see their life ______ decrease even more in face of ______ their jobs

Lower

Men high in A tend to have _____ income/pay

Healthier

High C and A is linked to being ______ and high levels of well-being

Longer

Children who were high in C in their childhood lived _____

Less

People high in C are _____ likely to have accidents

Unhealthy, BMI

People low in C tend to have more _____ behaviors, which can lead to obesity and higher ____

Guilt

People high in C tend to act in ways that avoid _____

Mood, history

Tendency to use aggressive force at 12 months of age is associated with the mother’s _____ disorders during pregnancy and the mother’s own _______ of conduct problems

Aggressive

Cold and rejecting parents who apply harsh discipline in an erratic fashion are most likely to raise ________ children

Deviant

Boys from low socioeconomic status who were raised in adverse family environments are especially likely to join ______ peer groups as teenagers

Others, herself

Mary from The Liar’s Club is both audience and actor, observing _______ and observing _____

Excluded

As a member of a eusocial species, the worst thing that can happen to you is being _____ from the group

Inflammation, immune

Social rejection triggers ________ in the body detectable in blood cells and correspondingly compromises ______ function

Crying

McAdams got an “N” in practices self-control because teachers considered ______ boys as deficient in the regulation of emotions

Sirens

Odysseus resisted the temptation of the ______ by tying himself to the ship, demonstrating effortful control

Bonds, resources

War can consolidate social _____ within the in-group as group members mobilize their ______ to defeat a rival out-group

17

Antisocial and criminal behavior peaks at around ____ years old