RadTech Final Exam

Who discovered x-rays?

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

What is radiation?

Energy that is radiated or transmitted through space in the form of rays, waves, or particles.

What is a photon?

A particle of light.

Who was the first x-radiation related fatality?

Clarence M. Dally

What did Thomas Edison discover in the field of x-ray?

Fluoroscope

Define ASRT?

American Society of Radiologic Technologists

Name 3 photons of radiant energy along with EMS?

Visible light,
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Gamma ray

EMS Stands for?

Electromagnetic Spectrum

What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?

Inversely Proportional

What is ionization?

The process in which an atom acquires a positive/negative charge by losing or gaining electrons.

Name 3 types of background radiation?

Cosmic
Terrestrial
Internal radiation

The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public?

Medical procedures

(X-rays, CT scans, and nuclear medicine).

What does a radiologic technologist do?

Specializes diagnostic techniques such as x-rays, ultrasound, MRI and CT scans.

JCAHO is:

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations

(Accrediting body that sets standards and requirements for many healthcare settings. Assure quality, safety, ethical and legal practice.)

Which organization grants R.T. designation?

(ARRT)

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists

Which organization grants CRT designation and license in California?

(CDPH-RHB)

California Department of Public Health-Radiologic Health Branch

What 2 modalities do not use ionizing radiation?

Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Who accredits Radiologic Technology education programs?

(JCERT)

The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology

What is used to deliver sonar waves into the body in ultrasound?
(Sonography)

Transducer

(Allowing the machine to generated and detect the echoes that create the image.

What was the first anatomic x-ray taken of?

Human Hand

(X-ray taken was of Roentgen's wife, Ludwig Zehnder)

What is the name of the glass enclosing the tube?

Glass Envelope (Pyrex)

The x-ray tube housing is made of?

Metal casing with lead lining.

What is the anode neck made of?

Tungsten

What is atomic #?

# of protons in the nucleus of an atom

What are the major components of the x-ray tube?

Glass Envelope, Cathode, Anode, Protective Housing

Name 3 interactions that occur in the x-ray tube?

Heat
Bremsstrahlung
Characteristic

What are the positive and negative terminals in an x-ray tube called?

Positive (Anode)
Negative (Cathode)

Name 2 types of targets in x-ray tube?

Stationary Anode
Rotating Anode

The x-ray tube converts electrical energy into?

X-rays
Heat

What is the process by which electrons are created?

Thermionic Emission

What percentage of energy that exits the x-ray tube is transformed into x-rays?

1% X-rays
99% Heat

Name the 3 factors used to produce a radiograph?

mAs
kVp
Exposure Time

Which x-ray tube interaction is more common?

Bremsstrahlung

X-rays are what type of radiation?

Ionizing radiation

What is collimation?

Restriction of the area covered by the primary x-ray beam to point of interest.

Name the shell where the following interactions occur:

Characteristic (Inner K-shell)
Brems (Outer)
Heat (Vibrates producing heat)

What 3 things are needed for x-ray production to occur?

Source of Electrons (Tungsten Filament)

Acceleration of Electrons (High Voltage)

Means to stop the electrons (Tungsten Target)

What is the tabletop radiography?

The technologist performs the exam with the body part directly on the cassette.

What is the function of the focusing cup?

Concentrates the electron beam towards the focal spot of the anode.

What are 2 types of bucky tray?

Stationary Bucky
Moving Bucky

Name 5 properties of x-rays?

Highly Penetrating
Neutral
Travel in straight lines
Speed of light
Ionizing

Movement of the x-ray equipment from R to L or L to R of the patient's body is called?

"sweep" or "sweep motion"

Define contrast media and it's use in Radiography?

A substance introduced into a part of the body in order to improve the visibility of internal structure during radiography.

Name 2 types of contrast media?

Positive Contrast (Radio-opaque) Barium, Iodine

Negative Contrast (Radiolucent) - Air, Gas

What are the 2 types of fluoroscopy rooms?

Conventional x-ray room

Remote x-ray room

Describe 5 patient interactions at the atomic level?

Classical Coherent
Compton Scattering
Photoelectric Effect
Pair Production
Photo Disintegration

Which interaction is responsible for the most patient dose?

Photoelectric

Which interaction is responsible for most technologist dose?

Compton Scattering

Which interactions are ionizing?

Photoelectric
Compton Scattering

What is attenuation?

The reduction in x-ray intensity as it passes through matter, caused by absorption or scatter of photons.

What interaction is responsible for image contrast?

Photoelectric

At what energy level does pair production occur?

must be at least 1.02 MeV

What is the CARE bill?

"Consistency, Accuracy, Responsibility, and Excellence in Medical Imagining and Radiation Therapy" bill.

-protects patient from over exposure
-pursues basic education and certification standards for healthcare workers (who administer radiologic procedure)

What does HIPAA stand for?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Do all healthcare professionals have to report suspected child abuse?

Yes!

Healthcare professionals in California are required to report suspected child abuse if they have reasonable suspicion.

What do you need from a patient before you can perform invasive procedure?

You need to obtain informed consent, which means the patient must fully understand the procedure, its risks and benefits, and must agree to it by signing a consent form.

Do you need informed consent to take an x-ray of the knee?

Yes!

You need informed consent before taking an X-ray of the knee, unless it's an emergency.

The lack of informed consent signature is considered a _____?

(A potential legal violation), as it indicates that a patient or research participant was not adequately informed about a procedure or study before agreeing to it, potentially opening the door to a medical malpractice claim if harm occurs.

What is the Code of Ethics?

Which organization published it?

(A set of guidelines to which R.T.s aspire)
For R.T.s, patients will always be at the heart of the profession—and protecting their best interests and safety should always be the priority.

American Registry of Radiologic Technologist (ARRT)

Define, "let the master respond"

An employer is liable for the actions of their employees while acting within the scope of their employment.

Define, "Res Ipsa Loquitur"?

"The thing speaks for itself."

The concept where even though an incident where a patient was harmed was accidental or unintentional, the fact that the incident happened is enough to imply negligence.

Define, "Corporate Liability"?

Corporation can be held accountable for the medical malpractice committed within its practice.

Define, "assault"?

Threat or attempt to injure

Define, "battery"?

The unlawful use of force or violence.

Define, "false imprisonment"?

Restraining an individual or restricting an individual's freedom.

Define, "slander"?

Action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.

Define, "negligence"?

Failure to take proper care or to fail in resulting in damage or injury to another person.

Name 5 types of Torts in radiology?

Assault
Battery
Negligence
Slander
False imprisonment

Define, "libel"?

A written defamation of a person's character, reputation, business, or property rights.

What is the legal or civil wrongdoing against another person, or their property called?

Tort

Name 2 types of Law?

Tort Laws
Civil Law

What are 4 steps in problem solving?

1) Identify the problem
2) Gather relevant information
3) Analyze potential solutions
4) Implement the chosen solution and evaluate

Radiographers must follow the guide of professional conduct named?

Established by?

"Code of Professional Conduct".


Society of Radiographers (SoR)

Does a Radiographer/Health care professional respect the patient's autonomy and rights?

Yes!

Treat the patient with dignity, ensure informed consent for procedures, and allow the patient to make decisions regarding their own healthcare as much as possible within the medical context.

What is the contrast media?

An air or fluid substance that enhances the image when taken using x-rays.

What type of shock is the most common when using contrast media?

Anaphylactic shock

What is a mild reaction to contrast media?

Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea
Itching
Mild Hives
Nasal Congestion, Sneezing, Coughing
Tightness in Chest

What are some symptoms of severe allergic reaction to contrast media?

Edema of Face, Hands
Chocking, Wheezing
Dyspnea
Low Blood Pressure
ALOC
Cardiac/Pulmonary Arrest

Name 3 types of shock?

Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Anaphylactic
Septic
Neurogenic

What is the medical term for stroke?

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Define "bradycardia"?

Slow heart rate

Define, "hypertension"?

High blood pressure

Define, "hypotension"?

Low blood pressure

Define, "tachycardia"?

Fast heart rate

What are the 5 vital signs and normal adult ranges?

Heart rate (60 to 100 bpm)

Blood Pressure (Less than 80 - more than 120 mm Hg)

Respiration (12 to 20 breaths per minute)

Body Temperature (98.6 F)

LOC- Glasgow Coma Scale (Best response 15)

If a diabetic patient has a hyperglycemic attack while in the x-ray room, the radiographer should help by?

Call for help while monitoring patient, instruct patient of insulin dose if available.

If a diabetic patient has a hypoglycemic attack while in the x-ray room, the radiographer should help by?

Give patient a sweet or sugar.
(Candy, chocalate..)

What PPE should the radiologic technologists wear when caring for a contact isolation patient?

Gloves
Gown

What does PPE stand for?

Personal Protective Equipment

What PPE should radiologic technologists wear when entering a room that has a droplet precaution patient?

Surgical Mask
Goggles
Gown
Gloves

Name 2 superbugs?

MRSA
C-DIFF
VRE
CRE

What are examples of non-pathogenic microorganisms?

Intestinal Flora
(found in intestinal tract, aids with digestion.

Describe the chain of infection?

Infectious agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host

What is the most effective way to stop the spread of infection?

Hand Washing

(JCAHO - at least 20 seconds)

What is a nosocomial infection?

An infection acquired in a hospital, develops in patients after hospital stay.

What are the 3 transmission-based precautions in addition to universal/standard precautions?

Contact
Airborne
Droplet

What are the 4 types of microorganisms?

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Prions

What does pathogenic mean?

Microorganism that causes disease or illness.

What is palpation?

Provides localization of landmarks.

What's the difference between objective and subjective data in patient's interview?

Subjective
(Symptoms perceived by the affected individual. They cannot be measured.)

Objective
(Signs that can be seen and measured (Blood pressure, heart rate).