Levels of Healthcare

What are the 5 main components of the healthcare delivery system?

1. Patients (consumers)

2. Providers (licensed & unlicensed)

3. Settings (hospitals, clinics)

4. Regulatory agencies

5. Financing mechanisms

Who regulates healthcare?

Government agencies & accrediting bodies

What is community health nursing?

Nursing care provided outside acute settings, focusing on populations or individuals within a community

How is community health different from hospital nursing?

Occurs in homes or communities instead of acute care settings.

What are the 3 types of community health nursing?

• Public health nursing

• Community-based nursing

• Home health care nursing

What is the main focus of public health nursing?

Care of populations

What is a target population?

A specific group (e.g., elderly, homeless, inmates)

What is the main goal of public health nursing?

Prevent and control disease

A nurse works to reduce obesity rates in a city. What type of nursing is this?

Public health nursing

What are key public health nursing competencies? (10)

• Monitor health

• Diagnose & investigate

• Educate & empower

• Mobilize partnerships

• Develop policies

• Enforce laws

• Link to care

• Assure workforce

• Evaluate

• Research

What is the overall goal of public health nursing?

Reach large populations

What is the focus of community-based nursing?

Individual or family care within the community.

Public health vs community-based nursing?

• Public health → populations

• Community-based → individuals/families

What is the goal of community-based nursing?

Prevent illness, maintain health, or support dignified death.

What is health literacy?

A patient’s ability to understand health information.

What is the Fry readability formula used for?

Determining reading level of materials.

What is home health care nursing?

Care provided in a patient’s home.

Goals of home health care?

1. Promote/restore health

2. Reduce effects of illness/disability

Who is the target population for & why is home care used?

All ages (no limit), often cheaper than hospital care.

What skills are essential for home health nurses? (4)

• Assessment

• Clinical skills

• Critical thinking

• Organization

Requirements for home health coverage?

• Homebound

• Medically necessary

• Skilled care

• Short-term

Examples of skilled care?

IV therapy, wound care, dialysis.

Examples of unskilled care?

Bathing, feeding, cleaning.

What is primary prevention? Examples?

Prevent disease before it occurs; vaccines, wellness programs

What is secondary prevention? Examples?

Early detection; screenings (mammogram, BP checks)

What is tertiary prevention? Examples?

Manage disease after diagnosis; rehab, chronic disease management

What is restorative heal care? Examples?

Intermediate follow-up care for health restoration; Physical Therapy

What is continuing healthcare? Examples?

Address long-term/chronic healthcare needs; COPD/DM management

What are social determinants of health (SDOH)?

Conditions in which people live that affect health.

Examples of SDOH?

Income, education, environment, access to care.

Intrinsic vs extrinsic SDOH factors?

• Intrinsic = genetics, age

• Extrinsic = environment, socioeconomic

What is a windshield survey?

Observing a community to assess conditions.

Steps in community assessment? (5)

• Assess

• Diagnose

• Plan

• Implement

• Evaluate

Why involve stakeholders in community assessment?

They influence outcomes and resources