amh- Citizenship and Voting in the Formative Age

The English/English Americans were the numerical majority and African Americans came in second (20%)

In the Census of 1790, who were the first and second majorities of the Census?

How did the English/English American disenfranchise 20% of the population? (4 Ways)

1. English and English American were Formative wave

2. 3 Models- VA, Mass, PN

3. Creation of White/Black

4. Creation of Animality--Forced Migration

Africans were first traded against their will, then kidnapped and transported to other continents

How does forced migration apply to Africans?

2 Main Concepts to Remember

1. There was a complete misunderstanding of the Continent of Africa and Africans2. English America

2. English Americans used the West Africans who came over as enslaved individuals to create a blueprint for every other who came thereafter

Africa was comparatively much more advanced; had established cities and organized, advanced civilization/society, esp West Africa, with millions of people, running water, scientific thinking, and multiple religions (Islam, Christianity, Judaism), and an established trade with Europe

Was African society less or more advanced than European/English? In what ways?

Little direct resources (like gold or spices) were found in the islands, however, LAND was.  And with land, comes the opportunity to grow crops, which requires the need of labor. This demand changed the trading system of Africans to mass kidnapping and being sold into slavery

How did Christopher Columbus’ “discovery“ of America impact Africa?

The Atlantic Slave Trade

The established system of slave trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

The largest movement from one place to another EVER; devastated Africa

What is the impact of the Atlantic Slave trade?

Only 4% of slaves went to North America because slaves were too expensive and Americans had little money at the time, 500,000 out of 12.5M

What percentage of slaves exported from Africa went to North America? Why?

1. The 3/5ths Clause (Article 1, Section 2 of US Constitution)- counts Africans as 3/5ths of a person, implying they are not people

2. The Fugitive Slave Clause (Article 4)- If Fugitives escape from their owner, all Americans’ responsibility it to bring them back. “Domestic Rebellions“= Slave Insurrections

What parts of the Constitution were relevant to slavery? (2)

No difference at first, however the circumstances changed to 2 differing factors: the ability to be free after time served and the ability to own land after time served

Indentured Servant vs Enslaved Individual

Slave Codes

An idea that came from Brazil and Caribbean, stated what slaves could not do and punishment if done (handbook of rules for owning slaves)

1. De jure (officially in records)

2. De facto (tradition, not needed to write down, culture)

2 Types of Slave Codes

1. Africans take status of their mother

• Because of issue of slave owners being the fathers (Miscegenation)

2. Couldn’t go out after work time

3. Couldn’t gather (2-3 people)

4. Couldn’t hold a weapon

What were some common rules stated in the Slave Codes?

People buying mother’s freedom, has kids, her kids are free

Loopholes in the Slave Codes

The same exact codes as slave codes but for free African Americans, to have rules for the free population that only happened in America due to implications of a small slave population; created in response to loopholes in the Slave Codes

Black Codes