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Arithmetic Density
measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area
Physiological Density
measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land
Agricultural Density
measure of the number of farmers per arable land
Overpopulation
having more people than a region can support
carrying capacity
the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Age Cohorts
age groups
Baby Boom
sudden increase in births
Baby Bust
drop in birth rates after a boom
Echo
a reflection of the boom when boom babies reach child-rearing age
Potential Workforce
ages 15-64
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people in the potential workforce
Aging Population
a population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age cohorts
Balancing Equation
Total population +/- RNI +/- Net Migration
Immigration
describes movement to a particular place
Emigration
describes movement out of a particular place
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)
Life Expectancy
average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live
Infant mortality rate
the number of deaths during the first year of life (per 1000)
Rate of Natural Increase
(CBR-CDR)/10 = the percentage of growth a country can expect to experience over the course of a year
Population Doubling Time
the length of time for a population to double in size
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
describes the relationship between population and the development of a country and can be used to explain population change over time
Demographic Momentum
the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution
Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within each stage of development
Malthusian Theory
the theory that population growth will outpace food supply and as a result, the environment will produce natural "checks" to population growth through famine
Boserup Theory
the theory that more humans also means more hands to contribute to agriculture, not just more mouths to feed
Neo-Malthusian Theory
theory that population growth will outpace our supply of food, fresh water, coal, petroleum, timber, etc.
Pronatalist Policy
policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries with declining populations
Anti-natalist Policy
policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49)
Migration
involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new place
Voluntary Migration
an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-pull factors
Involuntary Migration
an individual migrates against his/her will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers
Push Factor
characteristics that make a person want to leave a place
Pull Factor
characteristics that attract a person to a place
Zelinsky's Migration Model
Emigrants are more likely to leave stage 2/3 countries due to overcrowding, lack of opportunities, and competition for resources. Immigrants are more likely to move to stage 4/5 countries due to less crowding, opportunities, and abundance of resources.
Lee's Model of Migration
visual representation of the impact of push factors, pull factors, and intervening obstacles/opportunities.
Intervening Obstacles
an event or obstacle that discourages people from migrating
Intervening Opportunities
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
Gravity Model of Migration
Immigrants are more likely to choose their destination country/location based on proximity and the size of urban areas.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
every migration flow generates a return migration flow
most migrants move a short distance
migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
most migrants are from rural areas
migration is caused mostly by economic reasons
Step Migration
refers to the process where individuals or communities undergo migration in distinct stages
Rural to Urban Migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages the movement of people from countryside to the city
Counter Migration
for every flow of migration in one direction, there is usually an observable flow of counter of return migration
Internally Displaced Persons
individuals who leave their home due to conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety
Refugees
individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safetry from armed conflict or persecution
Asylum
individuals who flee their home country and applies for protection
Internal Migration
migration within national boundaries
Transnational Migration
migration across national boundaries
Guest Worker
a person with temporary permission to work in another country
Chain Migration
immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination
Remittances
Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries
Transhumance
seasonal movement of pastoral nomads who move livestock between summer and winter pasture
Brain Drain
the exit if talented/silled/educated individuals can lead to delayed economic and technological development
Xenophobia
the intense fear of persons from a different cultural group - can result in persecution, discrimination, or anti-immigrant policies
Ethnic Enclaves
neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group