Manifest Destiny, Age of Jackson, AND Reform Movement terms

1803

Year in which the United States purchased Louisiana from the Napoléon and France for 15 million dollars, or 3 cents an acre. Also the year the case of Marbury v Madison is decided, giving the power of Judicial Review to the Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch

Louisiana Purchase

Land U.S. gained from France in 1803 for 15 million dollars, included all land drained by Mississippi River and its tributaries, and doubling the size of the U.S.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in 19th century that the United States had God's approval to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican and Native American lands

Mexican War

Conflict between United States and Mexico in 1846; U.S. victory; Mexico gives up 40% of its lands in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Annexation

Addition of new territory by a country, expanding its borders around the new lands. For example, Texas was added as a state by the United States in 1845.

Westward expansion

Growth of the United States in the early 19th century (1803 - 1853) from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean

Cession

To give up land by a treaty; transfer of land from one country to another country. Mexico did this when it was defeated in the Mexican War, by giving up 40% of its northern lands

Region

Area with distinct characteristics, for example, the South, the North, and the West in 19th-century United States

Population distribution

How people in a country are spread out, for example, urban or rural settlement, distribution by age, wealth, sex, etc.

Settlement patterns

How people live on the land, for example, rural or urban living, location of major cities, etc.

Andrew Jackson

7th U.S. President, kept slavery out of national politics, moved Native Americans west of Mississippi River, opposed second Bank of United States, prepared to use force against South Carolina in Nullification Crisis

John C. Calhoun

Vice President under Pres. Adams and Jackson, leader in South Carolina to nullify federal tariff in 1832, leader of Southern position on slavery in territories

Daniel Webster

Massachusetts senator, opposed to South Carolina's attempt to nullify federal tariff law, believed the United States was union of people not compact of states. Argued for the U.S. in McCulloch v Maryland and Gibbons v Ogden. Considered the greatest political speaker of his day.

States' rights

View held by Southerners before the Civil War that the states were sovereign (ruled themselves) and had rights independent of the federal government and law

Nullification Crisis

Attempt by South Carolina to nullify federal law in 1832; Issue - high federal tariffs (protective), South Carolina protested/refused to collect the taxes, Pres. Jackson - Force Act (Congress auth. military force, if needed); Compromise Tariff of 1833 passes, and South Carolina backed down

Bank of the United States

Bank chartered by the national government in 1791 and 1816 to provide bank notes to be used as money; served as the bank for holding the national government's money; and regulated state banks, as well.

Tariff

Tax or duty on an import into a country

Protective tariff

Tax on an import in order to protect a domestic industry of a country, by making foreign goods more expensive.

Sectionalism

Support and loyalty to a certain region of a country, for example, North or South before the Civil War

Indian Removal Act

Law passed in 1830 for the removal of all Native American tribes from land east of the Mississippi to Indian territory (today Oklahoma)

Cherokee Indians

One of the five civilized tribes in Eastern United States, forced to move west in winter of 1837-38, Trail of Tears with one-fourth of the tribe dying during the journey

Reform

Need to change things for the better, for example major changes in the early 19th century were abolition of slavery, temperance, free public education, and women's rights

Women's rights

Movement in 19th century for equal rights for females, especially the right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader of the women's rights movement in the 19th century, helped organize Seneca Falls Convention in 1848

Seneca Falls Convention

Meeting of women in upstate New York in 1848, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, call for equal rights for women

Declaration of Sentiments

Document passed in Seneca Falls Convention, listed grievances of women, said "all men and women are created equal," began women's rights movement

Horace Mann

Leader of the movement for free public education in Massachusetts

Public education

Providing free schooling to children at the expense of the state government and taxpayers

Temperance

Movement to limit or outlaw the sale or use of alcohol/alcoholic drinks

expanded suffrage

The increase in the right to vote. Property ownership qualifications were removed, and later other people groups were added, as well.

sovereignty

The power to rule and/or make laws for a land, a territory, or a nation.

Tariff Compromise of 1833

The compromise negotiated by Henry Clay, to reduce high tariffs over a 10-year period, to appease the North and the South, as well as President Jackson, and to avoid the threat of civil war.

Whigs

The political party that formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson's Democrat party. Led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. Four presidents were elected by this party before it died out.

John Quincy Adams

6th U.S. President and later Congressman, who argues against admitting new slave states, such as Texas.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court case involving the Cherokee Indians. John Marshall ruled they were a separate nation and Georgia laws did not apply. Pres. Jackson said "John Marshall made his decision… now let him enforce it."

Trail of Tears

16,000 Cherokees were forced to travel from the area of Georgia all the way to the new Indian Territory. ¼ of the people died along the way, leading to the name for the trip

John James Audubon

Naturalist and artist whose drawings of North American birds were considered the greatest collection of works of their kind.

Susan B. Anthony

Women's rights activist who fought for the right to vote (suffrage) for women, as well as African-American males. Co-founder of the Women's Temperance Movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

labor reform movement

Attempts by groups of reformers to make daily work conditions better and safer for all workers, as well as trying to gain better wages and fewer hours of work.

second Great Awakening

Religious movement in the 1820s and 1830s that led to the reform movements of the time period.

civil disobedience

Choosing to disobey a law, order, or command of the government, in order to bring the government's attention to a situation.

transcendentalism

A religious and philosophical movement that was developed during the late 1820s and 1830s, which believed in the goodness of man and nature, and in opposition to older religious beliefs

Hudson River School artists

An art movement mostly led by a group of landscape painters whose main theme was that of nature, and whose artistic viewpoint was influenced by romanticism.