Unit 4 chemistry

Physical Changes

Shape/texture

Temperature (distance between molecules)

State of matter

Color (covering substance with a different color)

Chemical Changes

Bonds are formed or broken

• Formation of bubbles

• Formation of precipitate

• Change in temperature (energy required to break bonds, energy released when bonds are formed)

• Color change (new shapes/absorb light differently)

• Odor change

Soluble

All compounds with group one metals, ammonium (NH4), acetate, and nitrate (NO3) are soluble in water. 

Net Ionic Equations

1) Write the molecular equation for double replacement by predicting the products, balancing equation, and determining solubility.

2) Write the ionic equation by dissociating all soluble salts and writing them as ions (WITH CHARGES), all insoluble substances remain bonded as salts. 

3) Cancel out spectator ions (everything on both sides of the equations)

Strong Acids

Hydrochloric (HCl), hydrobromic (HBr), hydroiodic (HI), sulfuric (H2SO4), nitric (HNO3), Chloric (HClO3), perchloric (HClO4)

Strong Bases

Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), Strontium Hydroxide (Sr(OH)2), Barium Hydroxide (Ba(OH)2)

Monoprotic

H Seperates from Anion (Strong acids)

ex) HCl → H + Cl

Diprotic

Only first hydrogen ionizes (Strong acids)

ex) H2SO4 → H + HSO4

you cannot seperate weak acids/bases in a net ionic equation.

Nomenclature for Binary Acids (Hydrogen + anion)

1) Indicate hydro

2) Name anion and change suffix to “ic”

3) Add acid to end 

Nomenclature for Complex Acids (Hydrogen + polyatomic ion)

1) Name polyatomic ion and change suffix based on ending

• ate (ic), ite (ous), anything else ic. 

2) Add acid to the en

Nomenclature for Hydroxide Base (cation + hydroxide)

1) name cation

2) name hydroxide 

Arrhenius Acids

contains hydrogen that dissolves in water, releasing hydrogen ions.

Strong strong, or hydroxide

Arrhenius Base

Contains HYDROXIDE.

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Acid: donates a hydrogen ion

Base: accepts hydrogen ions

Redox reactions

Electrons transfer between atoms.

Must have oxidation and reduction. 

Oxidation

Losing electrons (becoming more positive)

Reduction

Gaining electrons (becoming more negative)

OIL RIG