REVIEWER-MIS-FINALS

Tactical Information System

It is a type of information system that supports management decision-making by providing various types of reports, such as regular summary reports, exception reports, ad hoc reports, and other types of recorded information.

Tactical Accounting and Financial Information Systems

Are types of budgeting information systems that permit managers to track and compare actual revenues and expenses in order to produce estimates for expected revenues and expenses.

Cash Management System

This system produces cash flow reports, which show the estimated amount of incoming and outgoing cash for a specific timeframe (usually monthly).

Capital Budgeting System

This system focuses on producing information for the acquisition or disposal of assets for a given timeframe.

Investment Management System

This system produces reports that allow a manager to oversee an organization's investments in stocks, bonds, or other securities as a separate, but nevertheless important aspect of cash management.

Tactical Marketing Information System

It is a type of information system that also has the ability to generate reports but also has the capacity to create expected and unexpected output, such as comparative and descriptive information, summarized data as opposed to detailed data, data sources, and information processed from subjective and objective data.

Sales Management System

This system allows managers to assess the productivity of a sales force, the profitability of certain locations, and the success of the products further categorized by salespersons, location, and target demographic.

Advertising and Promotion System

This particular system governs advertising and promotional tactics in order to achieve sales goals set by upper management.

Pricing System

This system provides information to managers that allows them to set prices for products and services.

Distribution Channel System

This system provides information on costs for using various distribution channels; information may include timeframes for deliveries, time lags caused by use of certain channels, reliability ratings for channels based on delivery efficiency, and the market segment situation provided by the channels.

Competitive Tracking System

This system ensures an organization's marketing strategy can continue to satisfy customers by monitoring market volatility, specifically by gathering and processing information about major competitors and their activities.

Strategic Level Information System

Are designed to be goal-oriented; this means that these types of systems are designed to support the overall goals and directions of an organization, based on forecasted and/or researched information.

Strategic Marketing Information System

Is an information system that handles strategic marketing activities, such as segmentation of the market based on target demographics and criteria, selection of preferred market segments, the planning of products and services to meet demands, and forecasting of sales based on market segments and products.

Sales Forecasting System

This system creates different types of sales forecasts, from industry sales, product/service sales, to forecasts of market segments.

Marketing Research System

This system handles marketing research, whether for research departments for large organizations or via consultants for smaller enterprises.

Product Planning and Development System

The objective of this system is to make information about consumer preferences obtained from marketing research systems, and from customer inquiries available; the information is then used to develop new products with specifications that meet the criteria from the output information of the system.

Strategic Production Information System

This type of information system can provide support for production decisions, such as designing and lay-outing of production facilities, as well as the selection for the facilities' technologies, policies, and personnel.

Site Planning and Selection System

This system relies on a variety of internal (within the organization, such as those from other information systems) and external (outside the organization, such as other related companies or contacts) sources of information.

Technology Planning and Assessment System

This particular system allows top managers to make better or more informed decisions on which production technologies should be used for a product or service.

Process Positioning System

This system handles process positioning, or vertical integration, which are processes that are to be performed for any given product or service.

Facility Design System

This system processes information for decisions concerning proposed facilities; information for this system includes facility design and layout, proposed technologies, personnel, expected completion dates, transportation, and ultimately the costs of materials for construction and maintenance.

Tactical Human Resource Information System

This type of information system supports HR managers in handling aspects of the acquisition, allocation, and maintenance of an organization's workforce.

Job Analysis and Design Systems

These systems create jobs or positions required by an organization.

Recruiting Systems

These systems handle functions that provide an organization with a pool of qualified applicants that may fill vacant positions identified by position control systems and/or job analysis and design systems.

Compensation and Benefit Systems

These systems allow HR managers to support the creation of compensation and benefit plans for employees.

Employee Training and Development Systems

These systems handle decisions for employee development, usually via capacity-building.

Succession Planning Systems

These systems ensure that replacements for key positions in the organization are available at all times.

Strategic Human Resource Information System

This type of information system manages the organization's workforce as a whole. It allows an HR manager to formulate workforce plans and labor negotiations to ensure that the enterprise has the appropriate conditions for the appropriate personnel.

Workforce Planning Systems

These systems facilitate strategic long-term workforce planning and management using relevant data, such as those from other information systems.

Labor Negotiation Systems

These systems gather data from other HR information systems, as well as information from financial accounting systems and external sources, in order to help create negotiating terms between the organization and labor unions.

Lexical Analysis

Involves reading the source code character from left to right and organizing them into tokens.

Lexical Analyzer

Collects characters into logical groupings and assigns internal codes to the groupings based on their structure.

Input Preprocessing

Involves cleaning up the input text and preparing it for lexical analysis.

Tokenization

Involves the process of breaking the input text into a sequence of tokens.

Token Classification

Identifies different types of tokens like keywords, identifiers, operators, etc.

Token Validation

Checks if a token is valid based on programming language rules.

Output Generation

The analyzer generates the output of the lexical analysis process, typically a list or sequence of tokens (token stream).

Tokens

Can be individual words or symbols in a sentence, such as keywords, variable names, numbers, and punctuation.

Non-tokens

Comments, preprocessor directive, macros, blanks, tabs, newlines.

Lexemes

Are the sequence of characters matched by a pattern to form the token or a sequence of input characters that comprises a single token.

Parsing

Is the process of analyzing a string of symbols according to the rules of formal grammar.

Syntax errors

Are identified and flagged in this phase and must be corrected before the program can be successfully compiled.

Parser

Takes the token stream from lexical analysis and checks for syntax errors.

Parse Tree (Abstract Syntax Tree - AST)

It is the graphical representation of a derivation.

Context-Free Grammar (CFG)

Defines the syntax rules of a programming language.

Derivation

It is the process of applying the rules of Context-Free Grammar to generate a sequence of tokens to form a valid structure.

Left-most Derivation

If the sentential form of an input is scanned and replaced from left to right.

Right-most Derivation

If the input is scanned and replaced with production rules.

Ambiguity

The grammar is ambiguous if it has more than one parse tree, either left or right derivation, for at least one (1) string.

Associativity

When an operand has operators on both sides, the side on which the operator takes this operand is decided by the association of those operators.

Left-associative operations

Include Addition, Multiplication, Subtraction, and Division.

Right-associative operations

Such as exponentiation will have the following evaluation in the same expression as above.

Precedence

When two (2) different operators share a common operand, the precedence of operators decides which will take the operand.

Name (Identifier)

A string of characters used to identify an entity in a program.

Snake Case

Naming convention where words are separated by underscores (e.g., my_variable).

Camel Case

Naming convention where words are joined without spaces, and each word (except the first) starts with an uppercase letter (e.g., myFirstCode).

Special Words

These are used to make programs more readable by naming actions to be performed.

Reserved Words

Is a special word that cannot be used as a name in a programming language.

Variable

Is an abstraction of a computer memory cell or collection of cells.

Variable Name

The most common names in programs.

Variable Address

The address of a variable is the unique machine memory address it is associated with. It acts as a numerical identifier that allows the program to access and manipulate the data held by the variable.

Variable Type

Determines the range of values the variable can store, and the set of operations defined for values of the type.

Variable Value

The contents of the memory cell or cells associated with the variable.

Variable Lifetime

The amount of time it exists and retains its value in memory, depending on how and where it is declared.

Variable Scope

The part of the program where a variable can be accessed. It is determined by where the variable is declared in the code.

Binding

The association between an entity (e.g., variable) and an attribute (e.g., data type, value, or function).

Binding Time

Is the time a binding takes place, for instance, at language design time, language implementation time, compile time, load time, link time, or run time.

Type Bindings

A variable must be bound to a data type before being referenced in a program.

Explicit Declaration

Is a statement in a program that lists variable names and specifies their particular type.

Implicit Declaration

Is a means of associating variables with types through default conventions rather than declaration statements.

Scope

Is the range of statements wherein the variable is visible. A variable is visible in a statement if it can be referenced or assigned in that statement.

Global Scope

They are usually defined outside of any function or block of code.

Local Scope

Variables declared inside a function or block of code are local variables and can only be accessed within that specific function or block.

Enclosing Scope

This refers to the scope of a function that encloses another function.

Built-in Scope

The built-in scope contains all the functions and variables that are built into Python, like print(), len(), and int.

LEGB Rule

The lookup order for variables in Python: Local, Enclosing, Global, Built-in.

Shadowing

If a variable declared in a local scope has the same name as a variable in an outer (enclosing or global) scope, it shadows the outer variable, meaning the local variable takes precedence.

Global Keyword

In Python, to modify a global variable inside a function, it must be declared with a global keyword to avoid creating a local variable with the same name.

Decision Support System

It is a type of information system that helps executives make better decisions using historical and current data derived from internal information systems, as well as external sources.

Dominant technological component

Five (5) generic categories can be proposed.

Target Users

A DSS can target internal (employees, executives, board of directors, managers) or external (consumers, regulators, investors, suppliers) stakeholders.

System Goals and Applications

A DSS can have specific or very generalized objectives. This is usually based on a specific application the system will be dealing with.

Deployment Technology

A DSS can be deployed on either a mainframe computer, a client/server LAN network, or a web-based system architecture.

User Interface

The most commonly seen component, it contains the various way for a user to interact with the system. A typical user interface may contain menus, submenus, buttons and icons that will allow the system user to access the various resources available to the system.

Database

This component holds all digitized data and information essential for the system’s tasks. Databases can have specialized components apart from their usual purpose of holding data.

Models and Analytical Tools

These are the technical components that will allow the system accomplish its scope and tasks; each system may use different components depending on their purpose.

Architecture and Network

These refer to how the system hardware is organized, how software and data is distributed, and how other components of the system are integrated and connected. Organizations can opt for a networked or a web-based architecture, depending on the system applications.

Data-Driven DSS

This type of DSS can take a very large amount of data available from various other information systems (such as Transaction Processing Systems) and derive useful information for decision-making.

Model-Driven DSS

This type of DSS emphasizes access to and manipulation of a data model in order to help decision-making for possible and probable situations.

Knowledge-Driven DSS

This type of DSS focuses on knowledge as its primary framework factor.

Document-Driven DSS

This type of DSS, also known as the Knowledge Management System, is a currently evolving system capable of helping managers work on unstructured digital documents and web pages.

Communications-Driven and Group DSS

This type of DSS, previously known as the Group Decision Support System (GDSS) or Groupware, includes communication, collaboration, and decision support technologies that do not fit with other DSS types.

Inter-Organizational/Intra-Organizational DSS

These types of DSS put external (clients, customers, business partners, etc.) and internal (departments in the organization, employees, managers, etc.) as its primary key factor.

Function-Specific/General Purpose DSS

These types of DSS are designed to support more specific functions for specific types of industries or businesses.

Group Decision Support System

It is a type of decision support system that helps organization managers and executives reach a consensus during events that require their collective opinions and proposals.

Pre-Planning

This element addresses the agendas of a decision-making meeting. This element handles the topics of the agenda, the end goal of collaboration (whether it is a decision, or further plans of collaboration if consensus has not been reached), and possible future agendas.

Collaboration Facilitation

This element ensures that ideas and communications are free-flowing, without interruptions or hindrances.

Evaluation Objectivity

This element provides equal opportunity for collaborators by eliminating “office politics”: the practice of dismissing ideas based on the person who presented them.

Documentation

This element takes care of logging information from the collaboration, such as meeting minutes and resulting decisions made by the group. This in turn allows geographically challenged members to know what took place.

Digitized Input is Required

Unlike traditional meetings, where ideas, comments and criticisms can be conveyed by oral discussion, a GDSS may require different types of digitized input, such as typed input, graphic presentations, or digital spreadsheets.