science of sleep exam 2

neurons are __________

communication cells

glia are _______

support cells for neurons

neurotransmitters are ____

cells that allow communication between neurons

what are the NTs associated with wakefulness?

acetylcholine

dopamine

norepinephrine

serotonin

histamine

what is the primary NT active during REM?

acetylcholine

which NT is associated with an increase in alertness?

norepinephrine

norepinephrine release is stimulated by _______

amphetamines

cocaine increases the activity of __________

dopamine

the increase of activity causes by cocaine results in ________

stimulation

if serotonin increases, depressive symptoms _________

decrease

SSRIs increase __________ activity

serotonin

older antihistamines result in _______

sedation (benadryl)

newer antihistamines are ______

less sedating (claritin)

non-REM NTs include:

GABA

Adenosine

what is the primary NT associated with sleep?

GABA

what is the main inhibitory NT?

GABA

which neurochemical increases during the day?

adenosine

adenosine is blocked by what?

caffeine

caffeine is a _______

stimulant

antagonist of adenosine

REM NT

acetylcholine

___ neurons in the Pons become active during REM

acetylcholine

which neurochemical is closely related to serotonin and has the same metabolic pathways?

melatonin

which neurochemical regulates the biological clock?

melatonin

wake is facilitated by ________

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

locus coeruleus (location and role)

located in pons

plays role in wakefulness

locus coeruleus has a high concentration of _______

norepinephrine neurons

dorsal raphe nucleus role

role in wakefulness, but unclear

dorsal raphe has high concentration in _______

serotonin neurons

primary brain structure for non-REM sleep

basal forebrain area

which brain structure generates REM

pons

pons geniculate occipital (POS) spikes

associated with REM sleep

how we get visual imagery

muscle atonia

paralysis during REM (neck down)

what is muscle atonia regulated by?

area around the subcoerulear (below the locus coeruleus)

drugs exert effects by _______

altering neurotransmitters

agonist

drug that mimics or increases activity of a NT

antagonist

drug that reduces or inhibits activity of a NT

GABA agonist does what?

enhances inhibitory effects

caffeine does what?

decreases adenosine but increases overall behavior

tolerance

decreased effectiveness of a drug over time

need to take more doses of the drug to notice effects

factors that influence drug action?

administration, absorption, distribution, half-life, metabolites

administration

how the drug is taken

absorption

how well it is taken up

distribution

how well its sent around the body

half-life

how long it lasts in the body

metabolites

molecules the drug breaks down into

which drugs increase GABA activity?

sedatives/hypnotics

barbiturates

older, rarely used anymore because they are addictive and lethal when paired with alcohol

benzodiazepines

much safer

valium used to be widely used but not anymore

what effects on sleep do sedatives/hypnotics have?

reduce sleep latency

increase total sleep time

decrease stage 1 sleep

increase stage 2 sleep

increases spindle activity

decreases slow wave sleep/stage 3

increase fast (beta) activity - especially barbiturates

SSRIs fall under which category?

antidepressants

examples of SSRIs

paxil, prozac, and zoloft

what effects do antidepressants have on sleep?

increase latency to REM sleep

reduce total REM sleep

what effects do antipsychotics have?

may increase total sleep time (TST)

can make people sleepy/sedated

caffeine is an example of which kind of drug?

stimulants

what effects do stimulants have on sleep?

increase wake

increase sleep latency

decrease total sleep time

increase stage 1 sleep

may decrease SWS

may delay onset and duration of REM

what effects does alcohol have sleep?

increase total sleep time

decrease wake

decrease REM during first half of night, pushes REM towards second half

sleep tends to become more fragmented in second half of night

what is lithium used for?

to treat bipolar disorder

the effects of lithium are similar to antidepressants because they...

decrease REM

increases latency to REM

how is lithium different from antidepressants?

it increases SWS/stage 3 sleep

what are the two phases of REM sleep?

tonic and phasic

tonic sleep

REM sleep without eye movement and twitches ("quiet REM")

phasic sleep

REM sleep with eye movements and phasic twitches ("active REM")

heart rate: non-REM vs wake

slows

heart rate: tonic REM vs non-REM

about the same

heart rate: phasic REM vs tonic REM

increases, variable

respiration: non-REM vs wake

decreases

respiration: tonic REM vs non-REM

increases, variable

respiration: phasic REM vs tonic REM

further increases

respiration is irregular during ____

REM

what are the 5 factors of dreaming (all reflected in dreams)?

SES

Age

Gender

Personality

Culture

(SAGgy PC apparently)

what did Freud believe?

dreams were the key to the unconscious mind

most problems are hidden in the dreams and dreams help unlock these problems

what are the two ways of interpreting dreams?

manifest and latent content

what is manifest content?

what is actually happening

what is latent content?

the hidden meaning

do we dream in real time?

yes

relationship between REM and dreaming time?

length of REM = time spent in dream

what is lucid dreaming?

conscious awareness that you are dreaming