Chapter 11 Christianity Part II The Division in Western Christianity & Protestant Reformation

John Wycliffe of England (early reformer)

Translated the official Bible of the church, the Vulgate, from Latin to English

John Hus (early reformer)

Leader of the early Reformation in Bohemia, he denounced evils of the papacy

Ninety-Five Theses

In 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses on a church door in Wittenberg

• Critiqued the church attempting to reform the church

• Sparked the Protestant Reformation

• Sprain up in other nations during Luther’s lifetime and after

Martin Luther

Influential figure during the 16th century Protestant Reformation

• Wrote the Ninety-Five Theses

Ulrich Zwingli

• He led reform movement in Switzerland

• To him, the communion meal was a memorial, a remembrance of Jesus’s life

John Calvin

• Repeated the many teachings of Augustine (sovereignty of God, original sin, total depravity of man, predestination, and election)

• Most importantly, believed that God determined who went to heaven and who went to hell prior to the time of creation

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

Many Catholics wanted reformation, but not revolution

The Council of Trent 1545

• Sought to purify and strengthen the Catholic Church

• The Council of Trent reaffirmed the seven Sacraments: baptism, confirmation, penance, Eucharist, extreme unction, marriage, and holy orders unction

Accepted Doctrines after the Council of Trent

• The immaculate conception of Mary

• Papal: infallibility

• The bodily assumption of Mary

Vatican II

The most important revolutionary council since Trent, it was convened by Pope John XXIII

Vatican II

Attempted to bring the church up to date and took several steps toward reconciliation with Orthodox and Protestant groups

Fundamentalist

Someone who claims to give the Bible alone authority over the faith; emphasizing biblical literalism.

Pentecostalism

A form of Christianity that emphasizes the work of the Holy Spirit and the direct experience of the presence of God by the believer

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church/ Church of Mormons)

A nontrinitarian (god rejecting the doctrine of trinity) restorationist Christian denomination and the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement

Missionary movement

Christians have been missionaries since the beginning of the faith, and that tradition continues modern times

The ecumenical movement

• Sought to unify the Eastern & Western Churches

• Most notable attempt was the formation of the World Council of Churches in Amsterdam in 1948

Sunday

It is the day of worship in remembrance of the resurrection of Jesus

Christmas

Marks the birth of Jesus

Advent

Begins the Christian year in the four weeks preceding Christmas

Epiphany

Marks the visit of the wise men to the baby Jesus

Easter

• The resurrection of Jesus is celebrated

• Preceded by the Lenten season, during which Christians fast, pray, and seek forgiveness of their sins

Pentecost

At Pentecost, the Holy Spirit came upon the disciples and moved them to preach the faith

Christianity Today

• Worlds largest and most widespread religion

• Despite the ecumenical movement, the church remains divided between East and West