Solutions, Acids, and Bases

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34 Terms

1

Solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in one state of matter

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2

Solute

the substance that is dissolved

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3

Solvent

the substance that does the dissolving (most abundant)

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4

Solvent + solute

solution

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5

Aqueous solution

any solution where water is the solvent

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6

Molarity

the number of moles of solute dissolved in every liter of solution

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7

Formula for molarity

M = moles of solute over liters of solution

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8

Molality

the moles of solute dissolved in each kilogram of solvent

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9

Formula for molality

m = moles of solute over kg of solvent

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10

Formula for solubility

n (solute) = MV

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11

Why do things dissolve

When the solvent particles are strongly attracted to the solute particles. Every solute particle is pulled away from the other solute particles and ends up surrounded by solvent particles, resulting in a homogenous mixture

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12

Saturated solution

When a solution reaches the point where it can't dissolve any more solute

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13

Solubility

a measure of the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent under given conditions

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14

Acid

a substance that can donate H+ ions in solution

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15

Base

a substance that can accept H+ ions in solution

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16

Conjugate base

an acid loses a H+

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17

Conjugate acid

a base gains a H+

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18

Indicators

chemicals that change color depending on the pH of the solution

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19

pH

a measure of the strength of an acid or base, a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

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20

Weak acids

acids that do not completely dissociate in water

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21

Strong acids

less than 100% of the molecules form ions in water

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22

Strong bases

substances that have a strong attraction for H+ in solution

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23

Weak bases

substances that have a weak attraction for H+ in solution

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24

Neutralization reaction

when an acid and a base react in the proper amounts to neutralize each other.

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25

Titration

a carefully controlled reaction where an unknown solution is reacted with a known solution

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26

Standard solution

A solution with a known concentration

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27

Formula for calculating pH

pH=-log[H+]

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28

Formula for neutralization reaction

MaVa = MbVb

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29

What makes a strong acid

100% dissociation, more H+, lower pH, weak bonds with hydrogen

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30

What makes a weak acid

less than 100% dissociation, fewer H+, higher pH, stronger bond

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31

Example of strong acid

HCl --> H+ + Cl-

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32

Example of weak acid

HC2H3O2 <--\> H+ + C2H3O2
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33

Supersaturated solution

solutions that contain more solute than the solvent would normally dissolve under current conditions

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34

Equivalence point

the point when the standard solution completely neutralizes the unknown solution because the moles of acid are equal until the moles of base

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