biology chapter test

cell history and cell parts

passive transport

Requires NO energy, movement of molecules from high to low concentration, moves with flow

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Example: bacteria

Eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles ex: animals, plants, fungi, and protists

plant cells vs animal cells

Chloroplasts, the cell wall, and vacuoles

cell theory

1. idea that all living things are composed of cells,

2. cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

3. and new cells are produced from existing cells

"building blocks of life"

Who created the first microscope?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

carbohydrate chains

cell recognition, defines cell characteristics

cholesterol in cell membrane

helps stabilize the membrane fluidity, keeps fatty acid tails from sticking

phospholipid bilayer

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane,

phosphate head

polar, hydrophilic

fatty acid tails

nonpolar, hydrophobic

Diffusion

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Osmosis

diffusion of water

types of passive transport

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

types of active transport

endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium potassium pump

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Hydrophilic

water loving

robert hooke

used a light microscope to look at thin slices of plant tissues and called tiny chamberd “cells”

matthias schleiden and theodor schwann

came up with cell theory but spontaneous generation was incorrect

fransisco redi

attempted to disprove spontaneous generation theory

Rudolf Virchow

german physiscian who studied cell reproduction. every cell comes from a cell that already exists.

what do all cells have?

genetic material, robosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm

cell membrane

controls what comes in and out of the cell

cell wall

outer protective layer in plant cells

cytoplasm

fluid inside cell membrane

nucleus

controls all cell activity and contains DNA

nuclear membrane

membrane around the nucleus

chromosomes

short strands of DNA and visible in nucleus

nucleolus

sphere inside nucleus and makes ribosomes

microtubules

long hollow strands of proteins that are used for structure and support

ribosomes

sacs filled with RNA and make protein

rough ER

has ribosomes transports proteins

smooth ER

no ribosomes and trainsports food, water, and waste

golgi body or golgi apparatus

packages enzymes, waste and food into vesicles

lysosomes

break down waste and materials with digestive enzymes

vacuoles

sac like areas for food or water

chloroplasts

plants only- carries out photosynthesis

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

centrioles

pulls chromosomes apart to the ends during cell division

cilia

short hair-like extensions that move materials outside the celll

flagella

moves cell, usually only 1 or 2

nucleoplasm

fluid founf inside the nuclear membrane

spindle fibers

attach centrioles to the chromosomes during mitosis

selectively/semi permeable

allows some sbstances through

proteins in the cell membrane

transports large and charged particles

hypertonic solution

• high salt, low water

• cell shrinks

• water goes out of cell

isotonic solution

• equal water/salt in/out of cell

• normal cell condition

• water moves in both directions

hypotonic solution

• low salt, high water ex: pure water

• cell swells or bursts

• water moves into cell

equilibrium

point where concentration is the same inside and outside the cell

ATP

currency of energy to human body

endocytosis

cells take in substances from outside cell by engulfing in vesicle (huge substances)

exocytosis

the release od substances contained in vesicle by fusing withthe cell membrane

sodium/potassium pump

pumps molecules through a protein against the flow (low to high concentration)