Inflammation 1 & 2

innate immunity

you are born with

parts of the innate immune system

physical barriers

WBCs

types of WBCs part of innate

neutrophils, eosinophils

acquired immunity aka

humoral immunity

parts of acquired immunity

- antibody-mediated

- cell-mediated

antibody-mediated cells

B cells

cell mediated cells

T cells

acquired immunity cells

lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

how do antibodies work

activated by an antigen and synthesize antibodies

antigen

a molecule able to provoke this response

antibodies

proteins called immunoglobulins

role of antibodies

inactivate invading pathogens and mark them for phagocytic destruction

administration of antibodies

IV administered biologics

role of T cells

recognize foreign markers, antigens and destroy directly and activate phagocytic cells

cell mediated usage

high viral efficacy

types of T cells

t help cells, cytotoxic T cells

elderly

are considered immunocompromised as everything is decreased

physical barriers

skin/mucous membrane

cellular barriers innate immunity

phagocytes

NK cells

Mast cells

cellular barriers of adaptive immunity

T cells: memory and signalling

process barriers of innate immunity

- inflammation

- cytokines

- complement system

- fever

- opsonins

cytokines

interferons, and interleukins

WBC responders

- neutrophils

- lymphocytes

- eosinophils

- non specific markers

neutrophils

especially if bacteria present, depletion of neutrophils causes immature neutrophil presence

lymphocytes

particularly for virus

eosinophil

particularly for allergens

examples of non-specific markers

C-reactive protein

what does C-reacrive due

pro inflammatory protein

inflammation

is innate and non-specific

onset of inflammation

minutes (acute inflammation)

what triggers inflammation

noxious stimulus in tissues

noxious stimuli

- allergen

- pathogen

- tissue injury

- autoimmune disease

- disease process

pathogen

- bacteria

- viruses

- fungi

- parasites

mast cell degranulation causes

inflammatory mediators to be released

mast cells secretion

primary ifnlalmatoyr secretor

what do mast cells secretion

histamine and prostaglandins

other location of histamine and prostaglandins

tissues, and mast cells

other pro-inflammatory mediators

- complement system

- cytokines

- nitric oxide release

nitric oxide release

endothelial and more from WBCs

all mast cell secretion

- histamine

- bradykinin

- complement

- leukotrienes

affects of mast cell secretions

- vasodilation

- vascular permeability

- cellular infiltration

- thrombosis

- stimulation of nerve endings

vasodilation

redness, heat

vascular permeability

edema

cellular infiltration

pus

thrombosis

clots

stimulation of nerve endings

pain

primary mediator of sensory stimulated inflammation

histamine

histamines release in allergies

stored within mast cells and released upon mast cell contact with allergen-agonist to HI receptors

what types of receptors are H1 receptors

g-protein type

where are H1-receptors

smooth muscles of vascular system, digestive tract, and bronchial tree CNS

effects of histamine caused inflammation

- capillary vasodilation and permeability

- stimulation of nerve endings = pain

- bronchoconstriction

- tachycardia

- itching

- urticaria

urticaria

rash

most common hypersensitivity.

type 1 hypersensitivity (IgE modulated)

examples of allergies in type 1 sensitivity

- pollen

- dust

- animal dander

- peanuts

- drugs

onset of type 1 hypersensitivity

within 15 minutes of exposure

TH2

T helper 2 cells are a type of immune cell that produced cytokines that help activate other immune cells

* CD4+ T cells

first exposure in type 1 hypersensitivity

allergen (antigen) activates WBC TH2 signalling to B cells to make specific antibodies that then secreted

type of antibodies made in type 1 hypersensitivity

IgE antibodies

IgE antibody location

antibodies are present in tissues within high numbers and attack to mast cells within 1-2 weeks

2nd exposure in hypersensitivity allergy

antigen distributes and attached to the IgE cross linking it= mast cell degranulates quickly and effectively

signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity type 1

local/systemic can by life threatening (anaphylaxis)

treatment of hypersensitivity

histamine 1 antagonists

histamine 1 antagonists

antihistamines

first generation antihistamines

- cross the blood brain barrier and have CNS effects

first generation antihistamine drugs

diphenhydramine

chlorpherinamine

diphenhydramine

- benadryl

- allerdryl

chlorpherinamine

ingredient in benylin

do first generation antihistamines cause sleepiness

yes

how do first generation antihistamines affect wakefulness

since histamine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that causes wakefulness blocking through antagonism of CNS H1 causes drowsiness

second generation antihistamines

have no CNS distribution

are second generation histamines causing drowsiness

no they are non-drowsy

second generation antihistamine drugs

- fexofenadine

- loratadine

- cetirizine

- desloratadine

fexofenadine

allegra

loratadine

Claritin

cetirizine

reaction

desloratadine

aerius

types of topical antihistamines

eyes, and skin

eye antihistamines

- patanol

- eye drops

patanol

olopatadine

skin antihistamines

- benadryl

- cream

urticaria is

hives

allergy testing

allergen administered via topical or superficial injection

epithelial linnings

- digestive

- respiratory

- urinary

- reproductive

secretions examples

mucus

enzymes

stomach acid

secretion purpose

often ensnare destroy pathogenic material

what type of tissue is blood

fluid connective tissue

what is the goal of blood flow

perfusion of organs to supply nutrients to cells

specific blood flow goals

- transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and electrolytes

- carrying wast away from cell

- body temperature regulation

- clotting

- osmotic pressure

- protection

waste carried by blood

lactic acid, creatinine, CO2

what percent of whole blood is plasma

55%

what makes out plasma

- H2O

- solutes

- blood proteins

solutes

- electrolytes

- nutrients

how much of plasma is water

92%

examples of blood proteins

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

where are blood proteins made

in the liver

PPB

carriers of substances

are antibodies blood proteins

yes immunoglobulins are blood proteins

what percent of cells make up whole blood

45%

types of blood cells

red, white, platelets

hemopoiesis

synthesizing blood