Bio Exam 1

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Adaptations

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73 Terms

1

Adaptations

Inherited characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction in a given environment

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2

Population genetics

Study of the genetic variation within a population; analyzes the frequencies of genes and alleles over space and time

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3

What % of the genome is introns

~20%

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4

Nucleotide

The monomers linked together by phosphodiester bonds that make up the polymer of DNA

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5

Amino Acid

Monomers that are linked together in a chain by peptide bonds that make up the polymer of proteins

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6

Gene

A specific sequence of DNA that encodes a specific protein or RNA molecule

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7

Genome

Complete set of genetic information in a cell (all the DNA)

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8

Genome Sequence

The exact order of nucleotides found in the DNA of an organism (ATGCs)

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9

Gene Expression

The process of Turing “on” a gene to produce RNA and protein

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10

For proper function of a cell, particular proteins must be made…

-at specific times

-in specific amounts

-at specific locations

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11

FOXP2

What gene regulates transcription of genes that code for speech and vocalization?

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12

Differential Gene Expression

The expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

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13

Cytoplasm

Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes?

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14

Yes

In prokaryotes, does transcription and translation occur simultaneously?

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15

Transcription initiation

Where is the primary control of gene expression in prokaryotes at the level of?

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16

The nucleus

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

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17

The cytoplasm

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes

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18

No

Does translation and transcription occur simultaneously in eukaryotes?

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19

Transcription initiation

Where does primary control of gene expression occur>

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20

Activators

Enhance the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA to increase transcription of that gene

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21

Repressor

Inhibit expression of a particular gene in several different ways.

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22
  1. Epigenetic level

  2. Transcriptional level

  3. Post-transcriptional level

  4. Translational level

  5. Post translational

What are the 5 levels that gene expression in eukaryotes can occur?

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23
  1. Epigenetic level

  2. Transcriptional level

  3. Post-transcriptional level

What levels of gene expression in eukaryotes occurs in the nucleus?

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24

Epigenetic level

DNA must be uncoiled and loosened from nucleosides for transcription factors to bind

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25

Epigenetics

The study of heritable changes that are not changes in gene sequence

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26

Heterochromatin

Tightly packed DNA; transcription factors cannot bind to the DNA when it is tightly packed, so genes are not expressed.

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27

Euchromatin

Loosely packed DNA; transcription factors can bind to the DNA and genes are expressed.

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28

Transcriptional level

When RNA transcription is initiated

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29

General Transcription factors

Required to recruit RNA polymerase II to a promoter

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30

Specific Transcription Factors

Bind to regions in the DNA called Enhancers

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31

Post-Transcriptional Level

When RNA is processed and transported to the cytoplasm

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32

RNA splicing

Alternative splicing can produce multiple mRNAs from one gene

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33

RNA stability

Rate of mRNA decay can be controlled

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34
  1. Translational level

  2. Post-translational

What levels of gene expression is regulated in the cytoplasm?

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35

Translational Level

When translation is initiated

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36

Post- Translational

After the protein is made during folding, modifications, adn trafficking

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37

Protein degradation

Proteins to be degraded are labeled with ubiquitin, then destroyed by the proteasome

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38

Pattern formation

The development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs; determines the spatial arrangements of tissues before they developed.

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39

Homeotic genes

Control pattern formation in the later embryo, larva, and adult stages

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Cytoplasmic determinants

Maternal signals present in the egg cells; tells the cel what genes to turn on and off

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41

RNA interference

Occurs when miRNA or siRNA binds to a complementary mRNA sequence thereby blocking gene expression by degrading the mRNA or by blocking translation of the mRNA

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42

Polymerase chain reaction

What does PCR stand for?

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43

Copies a specific strand of DNA

What is the purpose of PCR?

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44

Genomics

The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions

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45

Metagenomics

DNA from a group of species in an environmental sample is sequenced

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46

Reference sequence

Composite of multiple individual’s genomes

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47

Bioinformatics

The application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

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48

Proteome

The entire set of proteins expressed by a cell or group of cells or organism

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49

Proteomics

An approach to studying large sets of proteins and their properties

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50

Transcriptome

The entire set of RNA/mRNA expressed by a cell, group of cells, organism

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51

Transcriptome

An approach to studying large sets of mRNAs and their properties

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52

5%

What percent of genome is gene regulatory sequences?

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53

Micro evolution

The change in allele frequencies in a population over generations, is evolution at its smallest scale

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54

Genetic Variation

Differences in alleles of genes found within individuals in a population caused by differences in genes or other DNA segments

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55

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed

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56

Macro evolution

Refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

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57

Speciation

The process by which one species splits into two or more species, is at the focal point of evolutionary theory

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58

Mutation

A change in DNA

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59

Gene Flow

Movement of indictable or alleles from one population to another

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60

Genetic Drift

In small populations, allele frequency may change by chance alone.

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61

Natural selection

A process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

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62

Artificial Selections

Occurs when humans modify other species by selecting and breeding with individuals with desired traits.

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63

Natural selection

What is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution

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64

Adaptive evolution

Evolution that results in a better match between organisms and their environment

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65

Homologous structures

Anatomical resemblances that represent variations on structural theme present in a common ancestor

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66

Vestigial structures

Remnants of features that served a function in the orgamism’s ancestors

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67

Biogeography

Then scientific study of the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution

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Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA

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70

Translation

The process of turning the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis

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71

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A population in which the allele and genotype frequencies are constant from generation to generation

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72

Gametes

Only mutations in cell lines that produce ______ are passed to offspring

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73

Natural selection

A process in which individual switch favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

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