Studied by 6 people
Adaptations
Inherited characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction in a given environment
Population genetics
Study of the genetic variation within a population; analyzes the frequencies of genes and alleles over space and time
What % of the genome is introns
~20%
Nucleotide
The monomers linked together by phosphodiester bonds that make up the polymer of DNA
Amino Acid
Monomers that are linked together in a chain by peptide bonds that make up the polymer of proteins
Gene
A specific sequence of DNA that encodes a specific protein or RNA molecule
Genome
Complete set of genetic information in a cell (all the DNA)
Genome Sequence
The exact order of nucleotides found in the DNA of an organism (ATGCs)
Gene Expression
The process of Turing “on” a gene to produce RNA and protein
For proper function of a cell, particular proteins must be made…
-at specific times
-in specific amounts
-at specific locations
FOXP2
What gene regulates transcription of genes that code for speech and vocalization?
Differential Gene Expression
The expression of different genes by cells with the same genome
Cytoplasm
Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes?
Yes
In prokaryotes, does transcription and translation occur simultaneously?
Transcription initiation
Where is the primary control of gene expression in prokaryotes at the level of?
The nucleus
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes
The cytoplasm
Where does translation occur in eukaryotes
No
Does translation and transcription occur simultaneously in eukaryotes?
Transcription initiation
Where does primary control of gene expression occur>
Activators
Enhance the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA to increase transcription of that gene
Repressor
Inhibit expression of a particular gene in several different ways.
Epigenetic level
Transcriptional level
Post-transcriptional level
Translational level
Post translational
What are the 5 levels that gene expression in eukaryotes can occur?
Epigenetic level
Transcriptional level
Post-transcriptional level
What levels of gene expression in eukaryotes occurs in the nucleus?
Epigenetic level
DNA must be uncoiled and loosened from nucleosides for transcription factors to bind
Epigenetics
The study of heritable changes that are not changes in gene sequence
Heterochromatin
Tightly packed DNA; transcription factors cannot bind to the DNA when it is tightly packed, so genes are not expressed.
Euchromatin
Loosely packed DNA; transcription factors can bind to the DNA and genes are expressed.
Transcriptional level
When RNA transcription is initiated
General Transcription factors
Required to recruit RNA polymerase II to a promoter
Specific Transcription Factors
Bind to regions in the DNA called Enhancers
Post-Transcriptional Level
When RNA is processed and transported to the cytoplasm
RNA splicing
Alternative splicing can produce multiple mRNAs from one gene
RNA stability
Rate of mRNA decay can be controlled
Translational level
Post-translational
What levels of gene expression is regulated in the cytoplasm?
Translational Level
When translation is initiated
Post- Translational
After the protein is made during folding, modifications, adn trafficking
Protein degradation
Proteins to be degraded are labeled with ubiquitin, then destroyed by the proteasome
Pattern formation
The development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs; determines the spatial arrangements of tissues before they developed.
Homeotic genes
Control pattern formation in the later embryo, larva, and adult stages
Cytoplasmic determinants
Maternal signals present in the egg cells; tells the cel what genes to turn on and off
RNA interference
Occurs when miRNA or siRNA binds to a complementary mRNA sequence thereby blocking gene expression by degrading the mRNA or by blocking translation of the mRNA
Polymerase chain reaction
What does PCR stand for?
Copies a specific strand of DNA
What is the purpose of PCR?
Genomics
The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
Metagenomics
DNA from a group of species in an environmental sample is sequenced
Reference sequence
Composite of multiple individual’s genomes
Bioinformatics
The application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data
Proteome
The entire set of proteins expressed by a cell or group of cells or organism
Proteomics
An approach to studying large sets of proteins and their properties
Transcriptome
The entire set of RNA/mRNA expressed by a cell, group of cells, organism
Transcriptome
An approach to studying large sets of mRNAs and their properties
5%
What percent of genome is gene regulatory sequences?
Micro evolution
The change in allele frequencies in a population over generations, is evolution at its smallest scale
Genetic Variation
Differences in alleles of genes found within individuals in a population caused by differences in genes or other DNA segments
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
Macro evolution
Refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level
Speciation
The process by which one species splits into two or more species, is at the focal point of evolutionary theory
Mutation
A change in DNA
Gene Flow
Movement of indictable or alleles from one population to another
Genetic Drift
In small populations, allele frequency may change by chance alone.
Natural selection
A process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Artificial Selections
Occurs when humans modify other species by selecting and breeding with individuals with desired traits.
Natural selection
What is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
Adaptive evolution
Evolution that results in a better match between organisms and their environment
Homologous structures
Anatomical resemblances that represent variations on structural theme present in a common ancestor
Vestigial structures
Remnants of features that served a function in the orgamism’s ancestors
Biogeography
Then scientific study of the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution
Transcription
The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
Translation
The process of turning the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
A population in which the allele and genotype frequencies are constant from generation to generation
Gametes
Only mutations in cell lines that produce ______ are passed to offspring
Natural selection
A process in which individual switch favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Note 
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