Bio Exam 1

studied byStudied by 6 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Adaptations

1 / 72

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

73 Terms

1

Adaptations

Inherited characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction in a given environment

New cards
2

Population genetics

Study of the genetic variation within a population; analyzes the frequencies of genes and alleles over space and time

New cards
3

What % of the genome is introns

~20%

New cards
4

Nucleotide

The monomers linked together by phosphodiester bonds that make up the polymer of DNA

New cards
5

Amino Acid

Monomers that are linked together in a chain by peptide bonds that make up the polymer of proteins

New cards
6

Gene

A specific sequence of DNA that encodes a specific protein or RNA molecule

New cards
7

Genome

Complete set of genetic information in a cell (all the DNA)

New cards
8

Genome Sequence

The exact order of nucleotides found in the DNA of an organism (ATGCs)

New cards
9

Gene Expression

The process of Turing ā€œonā€ a gene to produce RNA and protein

New cards
10

For proper function of a cell, particular proteins must be madeā€¦

-at specific times

-in specific amounts

-at specific locations

New cards
11

FOXP2

What gene regulates transcription of genes that code for speech and vocalization?

New cards
12

Differential Gene Expression

The expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

New cards
13

Cytoplasm

Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes?

New cards
14

Yes

In prokaryotes, does transcription and translation occur simultaneously?

New cards
15

Transcription initiation

Where is the primary control of gene expression in prokaryotes at the level of?

New cards
16

The nucleus

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

New cards
17

The cytoplasm

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes

New cards
18

No

Does translation and transcription occur simultaneously in eukaryotes?

New cards
19

Transcription initiation

Where does primary control of gene expression occur>

New cards
20

Activators

Enhance the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA to increase transcription of that gene

New cards
21

Repressor

Inhibit expression of a particular gene in several different ways.

New cards
22
  1. Epigenetic level

  2. Transcriptional level

  3. Post-transcriptional level

  4. Translational level

  5. Post translational

What are the 5 levels that gene expression in eukaryotes can occur?

New cards
23
  1. Epigenetic level

  2. Transcriptional level

  3. Post-transcriptional level

What levels of gene expression in eukaryotes occurs in the nucleus?

New cards
24

Epigenetic level

DNA must be uncoiled and loosened from nucleosides for transcription factors to bind

New cards
25

Epigenetics

The study of heritable changes that are not changes in gene sequence

New cards
26

Heterochromatin

Tightly packed DNA; transcription factors cannot bind to the DNA when it is tightly packed, so genes are not expressed.

New cards
27

Euchromatin

Loosely packed DNA; transcription factors can bind to the DNA and genes are expressed.

New cards
28

Transcriptional level

When RNA transcription is initiated

New cards
29

General Transcription factors

Required to recruit RNA polymerase II to a promoter

New cards
30

Specific Transcription Factors

Bind to regions in the DNA called Enhancers

New cards
31

Post-Transcriptional Level

When RNA is processed and transported to the cytoplasm

New cards
32

RNA splicing

Alternative splicing can produce multiple mRNAs from one gene

New cards
33

RNA stability

Rate of mRNA decay can be controlled

New cards
34
  1. Translational level

  2. Post-translational

What levels of gene expression is regulated in the cytoplasm?

New cards
35

Translational Level

When translation is initiated

New cards
36

Post- Translational

After the protein is made during folding, modifications, adn trafficking

New cards
37

Protein degradation

Proteins to be degraded are labeled with ubiquitin, then destroyed by the proteasome

New cards
38

Pattern formation

The development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs; determines the spatial arrangements of tissues before they developed.

New cards
39

Homeotic genes

Control pattern formation in the later embryo, larva, and adult stages

New cards
40

Cytoplasmic determinants

Maternal signals present in the egg cells; tells the cel what genes to turn on and off

New cards
41

RNA interference

Occurs when miRNA or siRNA binds to a complementary mRNA sequence thereby blocking gene expression by degrading the mRNA or by blocking translation of the mRNA

New cards
42

Polymerase chain reaction

What does PCR stand for?

New cards
43

Copies a specific strand of DNA

What is the purpose of PCR?

New cards
44

Genomics

The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions

New cards
45

Metagenomics

DNA from a group of species in an environmental sample is sequenced

New cards
46

Reference sequence

Composite of multiple individualā€™s genomes

New cards
47

Bioinformatics

The application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

New cards
48

Proteome

The entire set of proteins expressed by a cell or group of cells or organism

New cards
49

Proteomics

An approach to studying large sets of proteins and their properties

New cards
50

Transcriptome

The entire set of RNA/mRNA expressed by a cell, group of cells, organism

New cards
51

Transcriptome

An approach to studying large sets of mRNAs and their properties

New cards
52

5%

What percent of genome is gene regulatory sequences?

New cards
53

Micro evolution

The change in allele frequencies in a population over generations, is evolution at its smallest scale

New cards
54

Genetic Variation

Differences in alleles of genes found within individuals in a population caused by differences in genes or other DNA segments

New cards
55

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed

New cards
56

Macro evolution

Refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

New cards
57

Speciation

The process by which one species splits into two or more species, is at the focal point of evolutionary theory

New cards
58

Mutation

A change in DNA

New cards
59

Gene Flow

Movement of indictable or alleles from one population to another

New cards
60

Genetic Drift

In small populations, allele frequency may change by chance alone.

New cards
61

Natural selection

A process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

New cards
62

Artificial Selections

Occurs when humans modify other species by selecting and breeding with individuals with desired traits.

New cards
63

Natural selection

What is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution

New cards
64

Adaptive evolution

Evolution that results in a better match between organisms and their environment

New cards
65

Homologous structures

Anatomical resemblances that represent variations on structural theme present in a common ancestor

New cards
66

Vestigial structures

Remnants of features that served a function in the orgamismā€™s ancestors

New cards
67

Biogeography

Then scientific study of the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution

New cards
68
New cards
69

Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA

New cards
70

Translation

The process of turning the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis

New cards
71

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A population in which the allele and genotype frequencies are constant from generation to generation

New cards
72

Gametes

Only mutations in cell lines that produce ______ are passed to offspring

New cards
73

Natural selection

A process in which individual switch favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 301 people
... ago
4.5(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 33 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 101 people
... ago
4.5(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 322 people
... ago
4.0(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 287 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (37)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (74)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (52)
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (24)
studied byStudied by 31 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (69)
studied byStudied by 40 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (211)
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (29)
studied byStudied by 60 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (100)
studied byStudied by 134 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot