Life Span Development - Chapter 2

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65 Terms

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maturity

state of being fully grown or developed (includes biophysical, psychological, and sociocultural)

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senescence

aging process which includes deterioration

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normative age graded

things that should occur during a particular age

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normative history graded

everyone born in a certain time period share the same history that helps shape your life

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non-normative

  • no norms/expectations

  • examples: unexpected events (death of a loved one, accidents, winning lottery, etc.)

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ontogenetic time

a concept that indicates that periods of life cannot be understood without looking at history

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Robert Havighurst

Which psychologist’s theory was closely related to ontogenetic time?

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growth

Which process of development involves changes in physical dimensions; that is, head, torso, arms, and legs?

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adaptation

Which process of development involves adjusting to the environment?

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maturation

Which process of development involves changes within every body system?

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learning

Which process of development involves a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

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dynamics system theory

  • the life span theory of development that implies that motor development is not a passive process in which genes dictate the unfolding of a sequence of skills overtime 

  • by Lockman & Thelen

  • biophysical development

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Erik Erikson

  • psychologist who believed that every individual undergoes certain crises or issues in life that must be resolved if one is to properly develop socially

  • developed 8 stages of psychosocial development

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trust vs. mistrust

  • Erikson’s 1st stage of psychosocial development 

  • occurs between birth to 1 year of age

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autonomy vs. shame and doubt

  • Erikson’s 2nd stage of psychosocial development

  • occurs between 1 year of age and 2 years of age

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initiative vs. guilt

  • Erikson’s 3rd stage of psychosocial development 

  • occurs between 3 years of age and 5 years of age

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competence vs. inferiority

  • Erikson’s 4th stage of psychosocial development

  • occurs between 6 years of age and puberty

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identity vs. role confusion

  • Erikson’s 5th stage of psychosocial development

  • occurs between teen years and 20s

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intimacy vs. isolation

  • Erikson’s 6th stage of psychosocial development

  • occurs between 20s and early 40s

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generativity vs. stagnation

  • Erikson’s 7th stage of psychosocial development

  • occurs between 40s and 60s

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integrity vs. despair

  • Erikson’s 8th stage of psychosocial development 

  • occurs by late 60s and up

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Albert Bandura

  • psychologist whose early research focused on observational learning (AKA imitation or modeling)

  • responsible for social cognitive theory

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social cognitive theory

  • theory by Bandura that holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development

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Abraham Maslow

psychologist responsible for the hierarchy of human needs

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physiological

  • bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs

  • includes breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion

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safety

  • second in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs

  • includes security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, and of property

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love/belonging

  • third in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs

  • includes friendship, family, and sexual intimacy

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esteem

  • fourth in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs

  • includes self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

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self-actualization

  • fifth in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs

  • includes morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, and acceptance of facts

  • a person’s motivation to reach his or her full potential

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Urie Bronfrebrenner

  • psychologist responsible for the Ecological System Theory

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Ecological System Theory

  • theory that a child’s development occurs within an ecological system that contains multiple environments or systems that interact to shape the child as they grow into an adult

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microsystem

  • a small system, but the most influential system in one’s life

  • smallest level of the Ecological System Theory

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mesosystem

  • the relationships with the microsystem

  • 2nd level of the Ecological System Theory 

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exosystem

  • system that does not directly affect one’s life, but can indirectly affect their growth and development

  • 3rd level of the Ecological System Theory 

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macrosystem

  • broad ideologies, belief systems, traditions, laws and customs of one’s culture, subculture, or social class

  • 4th level of the Ecological Systems Theory

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chronosystem

  • changes in an individual’s environment over time (divorce, death, etc.)

  • largest level of the Ecological Systems Theory

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Jean Piaget

psychologist responsible for the Periods of Cognitive Development

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four

How many Periods of Cognitive Development did Piaget have?

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object permanence

  • the understanding that objects exist even when one does not see them any longer

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sensorimotor period

  • period when infants interact with the world by the use of their senses (grabbing, smelling, biting, etc.)

  • period when infants learn object permanence

  • 1st of Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development

  • occurs between birth and about 2 years of age

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preoperational period

  • period when children interact by the use of symbols and words and love to pretend play

  • period when children are very egoistic (can only see things from their perspective)

  • 2nd of Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development

  • occurs between 2 years of age and about 6 or 7 years of age

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concrete operational period

  • period when children develop conservation (a given quantity remains the same, no matter if the size of the glass changes)

  • period when more logical thinking and mathematical skills are developed 

  • period when children depend upon tangible objects when solving problems or answering questions; do not develop the ability to reason abstractly

  • 3rd of Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development

  • occurs between 7 years of age and 11 years of age

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formal operational period

  • period when children are able to reason abstractly and form and test hypotheses

  • period when there is potential for mature moral reasoning

  • 4th of Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development

  • occurs at age 12 through adulthood

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temperament

an infant’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding

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easy child

temperament in which the child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences

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difficult child

temperament in which the child reacts negatively to many situations and is slow to accept new experiences

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slow to warm up child

temperament in which the child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

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attachment

a close emotional bond between the infant and its caregiver(s)

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secure

attachment style in which infants are willing to explore their surroundings while keeping an eye on their caregiver (sort of like “touching base”)

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avoidant

attachment style in which infants, although somewhat willing to explore, do not “touch base”; little reaction if the caregiver leaves and/or returns; seem to have no interest or concern

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ambivalent

attachment style in which infants cling to their caregivers and are unwilling to explore

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Jeffrey Arnett

  • professor responsible for the theory of adult development, Emerging Adulthood

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Emerging Adulthood

  • theory of adult development by Arnett that says the transition from adolescence to adulthood, appropriately 18 to 25 years of age is characterized by experimentation and exploration

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George Vaillant

psychologist responsible for the theory of adult development, Career Consolidation

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Career Consolidation

theory of adult development by Vaillant that says between the ages of 20 and 40, young adults think about a career, rather than just having a job or hobby; identity in the workforce is important

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leisure

pleasant times after work when you’re free to pursue activities and interest of your own choosing (examples: hobbies, sports or reading

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progeria

premature aging caused by chromosome dysfunction

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apoptosis

when cells become less capable of dividing, and some even die

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seventy-five to eighty 

The maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about…

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free-radical theory

a microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because inside their cells normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules that ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures

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immunosenescence 

the dysfunctional immunity in older adults

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fluid intelligence

  • one’s ability to reason abstractly, inductively, and deductively

  • declines in the adulthood years

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crystallized intelligence

an individual’s accumulated information and verbal skills, continues to increase in adulthood due to life experiences and education

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selective optimization

a process which includes deciding what direction to take, making goals, and specifying desired outcomes

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disengagement

  • when older adults sometimes (not universal) withdraw themselves from family and society 

  • often occurs after the death of a spouse and retirement

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