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maturity
state of being fully grown or developed (includes biophysical, psychological, and sociocultural)
senescence
aging process which includes deterioration
normative age graded
things that should occur during a particular age
normative history graded
everyone born in a certain time period share the same history that helps shape your life
non-normative
no norms/expectations
examples: unexpected events (death of a loved one, accidents, winning lottery, etc.)
ontogenetic time
a concept that indicates that periods of life cannot be understood without looking at history
Robert Havighurst
Which psychologistâs theory was closely related to ontogenetic time?
growth
Which process of development involves changes in physical dimensions; that is, head, torso, arms, and legs?
adaptation
Which process of development involves adjusting to the environment?
maturation
Which process of development involves changes within every body system?
learning
Which process of development involves a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?
dynamics system theory
the life span theory of development that implies that motor development is not a passive process in which genes dictate the unfolding of a sequence of skills overtimeÂ
by Lockman & Thelen
biophysical development
Erik Erikson
psychologist who believed that every individual undergoes certain crises or issues in life that must be resolved if one is to properly develop socially
developed 8 stages of psychosocial development
trust vs. mistrust
Eriksonâs 1st stage of psychosocial developmentÂ
occurs between birth to 1 year of age
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Eriksonâs 2nd stage of psychosocial development
occurs between 1 year of age and 2 years of age
initiative vs. guilt
Eriksonâs 3rd stage of psychosocial developmentÂ
occurs between 3 years of age and 5 years of age
competence vs. inferiority
Eriksonâs 4th stage of psychosocial development
occurs between 6 years of age and puberty
identity vs. role confusion
Eriksonâs 5th stage of psychosocial development
occurs between teen years and 20s
intimacy vs. isolation
Eriksonâs 6th stage of psychosocial development
occurs between 20s and early 40s
generativity vs. stagnation
Eriksonâs 7th stage of psychosocial development
occurs between 40s and 60s
integrity vs. despair
Eriksonâs 8th stage of psychosocial developmentÂ
occurs by late 60s and up
Albert Bandura
psychologist whose early research focused on observational learning (AKA imitation or modeling)
responsible for social cognitive theory
social cognitive theory
theory by Bandura that holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development
Abraham Maslow
psychologist responsible for the hierarchy of human needs
physiological
bottom of Maslowâs hierarchy of human needs
includes breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion
safety
second in Maslowâs hierarchy of human needs
includes security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, and of property
love/belonging
third in Maslowâs hierarchy of human needs
includes friendship, family, and sexual intimacy
esteem
fourth in Maslowâs hierarchy of human needs
includes self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
self-actualization
fifth in Maslowâs hierarchy of human needs
includes morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, and acceptance of facts
a personâs motivation to reach his or her full potential
Urie Bronfrebrenner
psychologist responsible for the Ecological System Theory
Ecological System Theory
theory that a childâs development occurs within an ecological system that contains multiple environments or systems that interact to shape the child as they grow into an adult
microsystem
a small system, but the most influential system in oneâs life
smallest level of the Ecological System Theory
mesosystem
the relationships with the microsystem
2nd level of the Ecological System TheoryÂ
exosystem
system that does not directly affect oneâs life, but can indirectly affect their growth and development
3rd level of the Ecological System TheoryÂ
macrosystem
broad ideologies, belief systems, traditions, laws and customs of oneâs culture, subculture, or social class
4th level of the Ecological Systems Theory
chronosystem
changes in an individualâs environment over time (divorce, death, etc.)
largest level of the Ecological Systems Theory
Jean Piaget
psychologist responsible for the Periods of Cognitive Development
four
How many Periods of Cognitive Development did Piaget have?
object permanence
the understanding that objects exist even when one does not see them any longer
sensorimotor period
period when infants interact with the world by the use of their senses (grabbing, smelling, biting, etc.)
period when infants learn object permanence
1st of Piagetâs Periods of Cognitive Development
occurs between birth and about 2 years of age
preoperational period
period when children interact by the use of symbols and words and love to pretend play
period when children are very egoistic (can only see things from their perspective)
2nd of Piagetâs Periods of Cognitive Development
occurs between 2 years of age and about 6 or 7 years of age
concrete operational period
period when children develop conservation (a given quantity remains the same, no matter if the size of the glass changes)
period when more logical thinking and mathematical skills are developedÂ
period when children depend upon tangible objects when solving problems or answering questions; do not develop the ability to reason abstractly
3rd of Piagetâs Periods of Cognitive Development
occurs between 7 years of age and 11 years of age
formal operational period
period when children are able to reason abstractly and form and test hypotheses
period when there is potential for mature moral reasoning
4th of Piagetâs Periods of Cognitive Development
occurs at age 12 through adulthood
temperament
an infantâs behavioral style and characteristic way of responding
easy child
temperament in which the child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences
difficult child
temperament in which the child reacts negatively to many situations and is slow to accept new experiences
slow to warm up child
temperament in which the child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
attachment
a close emotional bond between the infant and its caregiver(s)
secure
attachment style in which infants are willing to explore their surroundings while keeping an eye on their caregiver (sort of like âtouching baseâ)
avoidant
attachment style in which infants, although somewhat willing to explore, do not âtouch baseâ; little reaction if the caregiver leaves and/or returns; seem to have no interest or concern
ambivalent
attachment style in which infants cling to their caregivers and are unwilling to explore
Jeffrey Arnett
professor responsible for the theory of adult development, Emerging Adulthood
Emerging Adulthood
theory of adult development by Arnett that says the transition from adolescence to adulthood, appropriately 18 to 25 years of age is characterized by experimentation and exploration
George Vaillant
psychologist responsible for the theory of adult development, Career Consolidation
Career Consolidation
theory of adult development by Vaillant that says between the ages of 20 and 40, young adults think about a career, rather than just having a job or hobby; identity in the workforce is important
leisure
pleasant times after work when youâre free to pursue activities and interest of your own choosing (examples: hobbies, sports or reading
progeria
premature aging caused by chromosome dysfunction
apoptosis
when cells become less capable of dividing, and some even die
seventy-five to eightyÂ
The maximum number of times that human cells can divide is aboutâŚ
free-radical theory
a microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because inside their cells normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules that ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures
immunosenescenceÂ
the dysfunctional immunity in older adults
fluid intelligence
oneâs ability to reason abstractly, inductively, and deductively
declines in the adulthood years
crystallized intelligence
an individualâs accumulated information and verbal skills, continues to increase in adulthood due to life experiences and education
selective optimization
a process which includes deciding what direction to take, making goals, and specifying desired outcomes
disengagement
when older adults sometimes (not universal) withdraw themselves from family and societyÂ
often occurs after the death of a spouse and retirement