Anatomy Exam 3

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system & autonomic nervous system, cranial nerves, heart, blood vessels and circulation, respiratory system

What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?

brain and spinal cord

What are the 3 basic functions of the CNS?

Intergration, processing, and coordination of sensory input and motor commands

What are the higher functions of the CNS?

intelligence, memory, learning, emotion

What does the peripheral nervous system (pns) include?

neural tissue outside brain and spinal cord (cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia)

What are the 3 functions of the pns?

links regions of body to cns, delivers sensory information to cns, carries motor commands to peripheral tissues

What are ependymal cells?

simple cuboidal epithelium lining ventricles

what are microglia?

Phagocytes of the cns

What do astrocytes look like?

star shaped cells

what are astrocytes?

structural and nutritional support for neurons, from blood-brain barrier

what do oligodendrocytes look like?

cells with few branches

what do oligodendrocytes produce?

myelin for the CNS

What is the function of dendrites?

receive impulses from other cells

What are 2 other names for the cell body?

soma and perikaryon

how many dendrites are in each cell?

many

how many axons are in each cell?

one

what is the function of the axon?

send impulses away from neuron to axon terminal

what are the most common brain tumors?

meningiomas and glioblastomas

are neurons long or short lived and do they divide?

long lived, do not divide

are neuroglia long or short lived and do they divide?

short lived, divide and replace all the time

what happens during chemical synapse?

Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminal into synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on second neuron (or muscle or gland)

what happens during electrical synapse?

Ions pass from one cell to another through gap junctions

what is myelin?

membranous sheath that covers axons

what do myelin increase?

the speed of action potential propagation

What are axons called when they are covered with myelin?

myelinated

where is grey matter found?

unmyelinated regions of cns

what does grey matter consist of?

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, some neuroglia

what is the part of the brain called that gray matter is in?

cortex

where is white matter found?

myelinated region of CNS

what does white matter consist of?

axons and glia

what are bundles of axons called in the cns?

tracts

what are the functions of the spinal cord?

Sensory and motor innervation of body, 2-way conduction of signals between body and brain, Major center for reflexes

where is the spinal cord located?

From foramen magnum to level of 1st/2nd lumbar vertebra

what does the diencephalon consist of and what is its function?

thalamus, hypothalamus, sensory information relay and visceral control

what does the brainstem consist of and what is its function?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, is the relay center

what is the function of the cerebellum?

adjusts motor activities based on sensory information

where does higher cognitive function occur?

cerebrum

what are the 3 areas of the cerebrum?

sensory, motor and association

what are the bumps on the cerebrum called?

gyri

what are the grooves on the cerebrum called?

sulci

what does the central sulcus separate?

frontal and parietal lobes

what does the lateral sulcus /sylvian fissure separate?

temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

where is the primary sensory cortex?

in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

where is the primary auditory cortex?

in the temporal lobe

where is the primary visual cortex?

in the occipital lobe

where is the primary motor cortex?

in the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

where is the broca’s area?

in left frontal lobe

what does Broca’s area control?

motor movements for speech

where is Wernicke’s area?

left parietal and temporal lobes

what is Wenicke’s area involved with?

recognizing and comprehending language (written and spoken)

What association area is the frontal lobe?

motor, coordination of learned motor activities

What association area is the parietal lobe?

somatosensory, integrates and interprets sensations concerning size and shape

What association area is the frontal lobe?

auditory

What association area is the occipital lobe?

visual, recognition and interpretation of written words

what does Broca’s aphasia effect?

the ability to produce speech

what does Wenicke’s aphasia effect?

the ability to understand language

Where do association fibers travel?

within a hemisphere

Where do commissural fibers travel?

between hemispheres

Where do projection fibers travel?

from spinal cord to brain/ brain to spinal cord

what is the corpus callosum?

a bundle of myelinated axons connecting right and left hemispheres

The cerebellum is _____ to the cerebrum.

inferior

What are the folia of the cerebellum?

leaf like folds that increase surface area

What is the white matter of the cerebellum called?

arbor vitae

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Maintains balance and posture by automatically adjusts motor activities based on sensory information

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production, body temperature, hunger/thirst, formation of memory

What are the functions of the midbrain?

Helps to process visual and auditory information, maintains consciousness

what are the functions of the pons?

relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus, Subconscious somatic and visceral motor control

What does the pons connect?

brainstem to cerebellum

what does the medulla oblongata connect?

brain to spinal cord

what are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

Relays sensory info to thalamus, autonomic centers regulate visceral function

What are meninges?

connective tissue membranes that surround the brain

what are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

cushions the brain and provides immunologic protection

what is the blood-brain barrier?

formed by astrocytes, protects brain from blood borne toxins and pathogens

What is the dura mater?

tough mother- double layer of dense connective tissue

what space is deep to the dura mater?

subdural space

what is the arachnoid mater?

spidery mother- deep to dura mater

what space is deep to arachnoid mater?

subarachnoid space

what is the pia mater?

soft mother- delicate, adheres directly to surface of brain

what does the flax cerebri separate?

right and left hemispheres

what does the falx cerebelli separate?

cerebrum from cerebellum

what does cerebrospinal fluid fill?

subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of spinal cord

what does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

3rd and 4th ventricles

what are the 3 steps of the flow of csf?

csf is produced by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus, flows into subarachnoid space, absorbed into sinuses via arachnoid granulations

what is hydrocephalus?

excess production or improper drainage of csf, puts pressure on neural tissue

what does the cell body have lots of?

endoplasmic reticulum

what is a satelittle cell?

structural and nutritional support for neurons of the PNS

what is a neurolemmacyte (sschwann cell)?

produce myelin for axons in the pns

what are arachnoid granulations?

projections through dura mater that act like one way valves to control passage of CSF into sinuses

what does each spinal cord segment have?

a mixed spinal nerve with dorsal and ventral roots

what is the cauda equina?

collection of spinal nerves traveling inferiorly to exit at associated intervertebral foramen

What is the epidural space filled with?

fat and veins

How many spinal cord segments are there?

31

gray matter is ____ to white matter in the brain

superficial

gray matter is _____ to white matter in the spinal cord

deep

What is the function of the posterior/dorsal horn?

receives sensory neuronal input

what is the function of the anterior/ventral horn?

houses somatic motor cell bodies

What is the function of the lateral horn?

houses visceral motor cell bodies

Where do spinal cord roots emerge from?

dorsal and ventral horns

How many directions do spinal cord roots send neuron signals?

one-way

Where are sensory cell bodies found?

dorsal root ganglion

Where are motor (efferent) axons found?

anterior root