AP Human Geography Exam Review

Flashcards of vocabulary words and definitions from a review of AP Human Geography lecture notes.

Mercator Map

A map that has distortion in shape, area, distance, or direction, but accurately shows direction, which made it useful for naval expeditions.

GIS

Geographic information systems that layer data on maps and allows us to see spatial relationships.

Quantitative Research

Research that often uses the census and the information is in number form.

Qualitative Research

Research that is looking at people's attitudes, beliefs, or feelings and shows information about what people are thinking.

Decreased Distance Decay

The idea that technology and advancements in communication have decreased distance and made us more connected than ever before.

Environmental Determinism

The idea that the environment sets restrictions on society and culture and that culture and society can't really do much about those restrictions.

Environmental Possibleism

Looks at how society can shape and modify the environment to suit its needs.

Scale of Analysis

Looking at how data is organized and being chunked together.

Scale

Looking at how much of the earth's surface we're viewing.

Small Scale Map

A map where we're seeing a lot of the earth's surface but we have very little details.

Large Scale Map

A map where we're looking at a specific place on earth and we can see a lot of details but we see less of the earth's surface.

Functional or Nodal Regions

Geographic areas that are organized around a node.

Perceptual or Vernacular Regions

Geographic regions that don't have a perfect definition and they only exist because of people's beliefs, their feelings, or attitudes of a region.

Formal and Uniform Regions

Geographic areas with common attributes normally defined by different economic, social, political, or environmental characteristics.

Arithmetic Density

Total amount of people divided by our total amount of land.

Physiological Density

Total population divided by the arable land showing how many people we are going to have to feed.

Agricultural Density

How many farmers we have divided by of arable land, letting us know how efficient we are and how much food are we producing per farmer.

Stage One of the DTM Model

A model categorized by Low Growth, where the CBR and CDR are both really high and they end up canceling each other out.

Stage Two of the DTM Model

The stage when the Industrial Revolution or the Medical Revolution occurs, allowing deaths to finally fall but births remain high so we see a big population boom.

Stage Three of the DTM Model

The stage where births slowly start to come down and our growth rate becomes more moderate.

Stage Four of the DTM Model

The stage of the DTM model when women finally get more opportunities in society, economic and social and we start to see a ZPG, a zero population growth, as now our births and deaths match again and they are lower.

Stage Five of the DTM Model

The debated stage of the DTM model where deaths actually rise above births and we start to see our population decrease.

Pro Natalism

When external forces change our population growth, governments will implement policies that will motivate citizens to have more kids and increase the population growth.

Antinatalism

When external forces influence population growth, countries will create policies that will restrict population growth and try to motivate people to have less kids.

Malthusian Catastrophe

The belief that population would continue to grow exponentially and our food production would only grow arithmetically and eventually we would hit a point where we would exceed our carrying capacity.

Neo Malthusians

Believed Malthus was right and he was just too limited in his scope and instead of just being food we need to look at all of the world's resources.

Pull Factors

Things that make people want to come to an area.

Push Factors

Things that make people want to leave an area.

Forced Migration

Migration that happens due to events that put the migrant's life or family's life in jeopardy causing them to migrate or risk their own safety.

Voluntary Migration

Migration where the migrant chooses to migrate on their own accord without fear of persecution or death.

Cultural Relativism

When we view a culture through their perspective and do not hold the culture to our cultural standards.

Ethnocentrism

When we are going to view another culture and we are going to judge that culture based on our own social norms and cultural standards.

Culture

A group's shared practices, beliefs, attitudes, customs, technologies, and food.

Cultural Landscape

Comprises the different land use patterns a society has and is made up of their agricultural practices, different religious and linguistic characteristics, and different architectural styles.

Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

Cultural forces that push and pull society together, creating a unique sense of place and a unique cultural identity.

Diffusion

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time

Relocate

Diffusion that starts to shrink where we're not seeing new people take on the cultural trait, instead, we have movement from one place to another.

Expansion Diffusion

When the amount of people participating in a cultural trait is growing.

Hierarchical Diffusion:

Diffusion that happens through a system of structures moving oftentimes from the top down

Contagious Diffusion

Diffusion that spreads in all directions allowing everyone to have access to the cultural trait without any barriers preventing diffusion.

Stimulus Diffusion

When a cultural trait diffuses and adapts to the different cultural traits of the area that it is diffusing to.

Space TIme Compression

Allows us to communicate with people all over the world and reduces the impact of distance decay.

Cultural Resistance

When people protest or go against different migrant communities, or new cultural traits.

Acculturation, Assimilation, Syncretism, and Multiculturalism

When cultures merge and adapt to one another and change.

Universalizing Religions

Religions such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism.

Ethnic Religions

Religions such as Judaism and Hinduism.

Nation

A group of people who have a shared history, a shared cultural identity, and a history of self determination.

State

An entity that has a permanent population, a sovereign government, and is recognized by other states.

Nation State

A state that is made up of one nation and is a homogenous state.

Multi National State

A state that is made up of multiple nations who have agreed to live in peace as one state.

Multi State Nation

A nation that exists in multiple states.

Stateless Nation

A nation that doesn't have an actual state.

Self Determination

A nation's right to be able to govern themselves without any influence from external powers or other states.

Shatterbelt Regions

A region that is caught between two external fighting powers.

Neo Colonialism

The new form of controlling a country without actually controlling them where a country uses their economic or political influence to influence a country and control them without directly occupying or sending troops in.

Relic Boundaries

Boundaries that no longer exist however they still impact the cultural landscape.

Antecedent Boundaries

Boundaries that have existed before human settlement.

Subsequent Boundaries

Boundaries that are based on different ethnic groups and cultures.

Consequent Boundaries

Boundaries that are used to divide different cultural groups and accommodate their differences.

Superimposed Boundaries

Boundaries that are created by a foreign state.

Geometric Boundaries

Cultural boundaries that are straight lines that go with the parallels of latitude.

Territorial Waters

Stretches 12 nautical miles off the coastline of a country.

Contiguous Zone

Extends another 24 miles off coast.

Exclusive Economic Zone

Extends 200 nautical miles off the coastline.

Gerrymandering

The redistricting of a voting district in order to create a district that is more favorable to your party.

Unitary State

A state that is going to concentrate their power all at the federal or the national government.

Federal State

A state that is going to concentrate their power between the national government and regional governments.

Centifugal Forces

Things that will push a state apart such as terrorism, irredentism, or isolated cultural groups.

Centripetal Forces

Forces that will unite a country together, keeping a country stronger and preventing things like devolution from occurring.

Devolution

Transfer of power from a national government down to a regional government.

State Sovereignty

The state's right to govern itself.

Intensive Agricultural Practices

Agricultural practices located near population centers that focus on maximizing agricultural production/require a lot of labor and capital.

Extensive Agricultural Practices

Agricultural practices located farther away from population centers and need a lot more land with most of the work done by hand.

Clustered Settlements

Settlements that have a higher population density with homes packed together in close quarters.

Dispersed Settlements

Settlements that have a lower population density with homes and buildings being spaced out.

Linear Settlement Patterns

Settlements located along a river a road or trains in order to connect to a transportation route and they're built in a line.

Meets and Bounds

Used for short distances and oftentimes are based off key geographic features in the area.

Long Lots

Divide land up into narrow parcels that each have connections to a transportation system, whether it be a road or also a river.

Township and Range

Uses longitude and latitude to create a grid like system across a geographic area.

Mono Cropping

When farmers grow the same crop each year year to increase the production, becoming more productive and efficient, but it also can deplete nutrients in the land.

Monoculture

When farmers grow one type of crop in a period of time, but they will switch that type of crop after each harvest.

Value Added Specialty Crop

Crops that gain in value as the production's occurring.

Bid Rent Theory

Theory that looks at the relationship between land prices and also an urban area or a large market where as we move farther away from an urban area, the price of land goes down.

Von Thunen's Model

Model that looks at the spatial layout of society.

Site Factors

Unique things about a specific place such as the climate, natural resources, or the absolute location.

Situation Factors

Deals with more connections between different places with things like rivers, roads, airports, or ports.

Gravity Model

Theory that predicts the likelihood of two different places interacting with each other, noting that larger settlements are more likely to have people and places interact with them.

Christaller Central Place Theory

Looks at the analysis of locations of goods and services and illustrates urban hierarchy.

Primate City Rule

States that that have their largest settlement as double the population of the second largest.

Rank Size Rule

Is where the state will have their largest settlement with about half the population more than their second largest settlement and so on.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Model that has cities growing outwards from the CBD in a series of rings where newer homes are built on the outside of the model with older homes near the center.

Hoyt Sector

Model where a city is developed in a series of wedges with the CBD in the center of the city based around different economic and environmental factors.

Harris and Allman's Multiple Nuclei Model

Model where a city has a CBD but we start to see that the city has multiple CBDs where each node will attract certain people and job.

Galactic Model/Periphery Model

Model where we an see an expansion of the multiple nuclei model where edge cities form on the outside of the city limit.

Latin American City Model

City Model that consists of a spine that connects the CBD to a wealthy shopping district and has a Dis amenity Zone which consists of high poverty neighborhoods which may lack essential services and infrastructure.

Sub Saharan African City Model

City Model that consists of three different CBDs and has informal settlements such as squatter settlements located around the urban area.

Southeast Asian City Model

City Model that is based around a port with a government zone that overlooks the day to day trade.

Squatter Settlements and Favelas

Low income neighborhoods that people are living in without a legal claim to the land.

Gentrification

Raising property values and increasing wealth in low income neighborhoods that are traditionally near the CBD.

Formal Economies

Jobs that are regulated or monitored by the government.