Africana Studies Final Exam

13th Amendment

An Amendment bans slavery except for just incarceration.

W1: ratified in 1865

W2: it includes a clause allowing involving servitude as a punishment for a crime

14th Amendment

A constitutional amendment requires equal citizenship as birthright.

W1: ratified in 1868

W2: guaranteeing citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

A constitutional amendment protects all citizen’s right to vote.

W1: ratified in 1870

W2: granted African American men the right to vote and prohibited voting discrimination based on race.

Atlanta Compromise 

Compromise by Booker T. Washington sought Black economic rights in exchange for allowing political vote suppression and social segregation.

W1: Proposed by Booker T. Washington

W2; 1895

Birth of a Nation 

1915 KKK propaganda film that inspired race massacres.

W1: Directed by D.W. Griffith

W2: glorifying the KKK and portraying Black men as dangerous, lead to racial violence and a resurgence of the KKK.

Black Reconstruction 

Twelve years of federally protected Black citizenship programs after the Civil War.

W1: 1865-1877

W2: The U.S attempted to redress the inquiries of slavery and its aftermath.

Black Wall Street

Very successful Black section of Tulsa, Oklahoma, destroying by segregationists.

W1: 1921

W2: A thriving, affluent Black neighborhood and commercial district destroyed.

Brown v. Bd of Education

Supreme Court case that ended segregation (In public schools)

W1: 1954

W2: Landmark Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

Compensated Emancipation 

Federal government payment to enslavers for ending slavery.

W1: providing financial compensation to their owners, aiming to gradually end slavery.

W2: 1862

Convict Leasing

South’s creation of petty felony crimes in order to get free labor from prisoners.

W1: A system of penal labor.

W2: after the civil war (1865)

Green Book

Venue and accommodation guide used to keep Black travelers safe.

W1: Victor H. Green

W2: published from 1936 to 1964

Hayes-Tilden Compromise

Compromise of Northern presidency for Southern segregation via removal of Union reconstructive troops.

W1: 1877

W 2: settle the result of the 1876 presidential election and marked the end of the Reconstruction era.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Successful defeat of town’s segregation via year of economic withdrawal.

W1:protest in Montgomery, Alabama

W2: December 5, 1955 after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger.

NAACP

Multiracial Civil rights organization created in opposition to segregation and black vote suppression.

W1: Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Weels and others. W2: founded in 1909 to ensure political, educational, social, and economic equality for all people and to eliminate race-based discrimination.

Plessy v. Forguson

Supreme Court Case approving segregation.

W1: 1896

W2: The U.S Supreme Court case that established the constitutional legality of racial segregation under the “ separate but equal” doctrine.

Race Neutral

South’s legal use of economic and other innocent language with racial effects.

W1: Policies or laws that appear non-discriminatory on their surface but have a discriminatory on their surface impacts on certain racial groups.

Segregation Academies 

All-White Southern religious schools created to skirt desegregation.

W1: a private school in the Southern United States,

W2: founded in the mid-20th century

Southern Strategy 

Use of Racial appeals to gain political power.

W1: Mid- 20th Century

W2: a political strategy that emerged in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement and the end of de jure segregation.

States Rights 

Nullification of federal civil rights by claiming federalist state power.

W1: it was invoked by Southern states to resist federal oversight and maintain discriminatory Jim Crow laws, which mandated racial segregation in all public facilities and activities. 

Sundown Laws

Segregation laws imposing Black curfew to leave town by sunset.

W1: beginning in the late 19th century.