Stress and Coping

What are the causes of mental illness? 

Genetics and heredity, stress and the immune system, and infection. 

Anxiety

Vague feeling of dread or apprehension. It is a response to external or internal stimuli.

Stress

The wear and tear that life causes on the body.

What are the three stages of reaction to stress: 

Alarm phase (fight or flight), resistance phase, and exhaustion phase (burnout). 

Mild anxiety

Often a normal part of life and can even be beneficial, enhancing focus and problem-solving abilities. Symptoms may include slight nervousness, restlessness, and increased  awareness of surroundings.

Moderate anxiety

Is more intense than mild anxiety and can start to affect daily functioning. Individuals may experience physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, and muscle tension, along with cognitive symptoms like persistent worry and difficulty concentrating. 

Severe anxiety

Is characterized by significant disruption in daily life. Symptoms become more pronounced and can include intense fear, constant worry, and avoidance of situations that might trigger anxiety. Physical symptoms like dizziness, nausea, and chest pain are common. 

Panic level anxiety

Also known as panic disorder, is the most intense form of anxiety. It can cause extreme behaviors, loss of touch with reality, and physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, sweating, and chest pain. Panic attacks can occur suddenly and without warning.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Worries excessively and feels highly anxious 50% of the time for 6+ months.

How can a nurse help a patient with panic disorder? 

Promote safety and comfort, use therapeutic communication, manage anxiety, and provide patient and family education. 

What are the available treatments for panic disorder? 

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques (deep breathing), SSRIs, SNRIs, and benzodiazepines.  

Phobias

Illogical, intense, persistent fear. When exposed to fear, anxiety may reach severe or panic levels.

What treatments are available to those with phobias? 

Behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers. 

Crisis

A disturbance caused by a precipitating event that is interpreted as a threat to self. Coping methods are ineffective.

Maturational crisis

Also known as developmental crises, occur as part of the natural progression through life stages. They are typically anticipated and arise from internal psychological changes associated with significant life transitions.

Situational crisis

Are triggered by specific, often unexpected events that disrupt an individual's sense of stability and security. These crises are external and can arise from various circumstances. Ex. Loss of a job.