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Genizaros
Native Americans of mixed ancestry, often descendants of indigenous peoples and Spanish settlers in the American Southwest.
General Stephen Kearny
A U.S. Army officer during the Mexican-American War who played a key role in the conquest of California and New Mexico.
Coolies
A derogatory term used in the 19th century for manual laborers from Asia, particularly Chinese immigrants in the U.S.
Denis Kearney
An Irish-born American labor leader who advocated for anti-Chinese policies during the late 19th century.
Henry George
An economist known for his book Progress and Poverty, arguing that land should be taxed to reduce inequality.
Old Immigrants
Immigrants to the U.S. before the 19th century, primarily from Europe such as England and Scotland.
New Immigrants
Immigrants who arrived in the U.S. after 1800, often from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia.
William Clark
An American explorer who co-led the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory.
Mark Twain
An American author and humorist known for The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.
Frederic Remington
An American artist known for his depictions of the American West and Native American life.
Theodore Roosevelt
The 26th president of the U.S., known for progressive reforms and leadership during the Spanish-American War.
Frederick Jackson Turner
An American historian known for his 'Frontier Thesis' on the impact of the American frontier on democracy.
General Nelson Miles
A U.S. Army officer involved in the Indian Wars, noted for defeating the Nez Perce led by Chief Joseph.
Joseph Glidden
The inventor of barbed wire, which transformed fencing and agriculture in the American West.
Ellwood
Refers to the Ellwood Manufacturing Company, significant in producing barbed wire in the late 19th century.
Hamlin Garland
An author known for depicting the struggles of settlers and harsh realities in the American Midwest.
Pueblo
Native American tribes in the Southwestern U.S., recognized for their adobe dwellings and agricultural practices.
Sioux Nation
A group of Native American tribes in the Great Plains with a notable history of conflict with the U.S. government.
Little Crow
A leader of the Dakota Sioux during the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862.
Chief Black Kettle
A leader of the Southern Cheyenne who sought peace but was killed in the Sand Creek Massacre.
Chicahua Apaches
A group of Apache leaders, including Cochise and Geronimo, who defended their land against U.S. forces.
JM Chivington
A U.S. Army officer responsible for the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864, resulting in many Cheyenne deaths.
George A. Custer
A U.S. Army officer known for his defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Nez Perce
A tribe led by Chief Joseph, known for resisting relocation and their flight to Canada in 1877.
Buffalo Bill Cody
A showman and bison hunter who created Buffalo Bill's Wild West and popularized the American West image.
Helen Hunt Jackson
An author and activist who highlighted the mistreatment of Native Americans in her book A Century of Dishonor.
John Muir
A naturalist and co-founder of the Sierra Club, advocating for wilderness preservation.
Gifford Pinchot
A conservationist and first head of the U.S. Forest Service, promoting scientific resource management.
Henry Bessemer
Inventor of the Bessemer process, which revolutionized steel production efficiency.
George Bissell
Co-founder of the Pennsylvania Oil Company, instrumental in establishing the U.S. petroleum industry.
Henry Ford
Founder of the Ford Motor Company, innovator of the assembly line in mass manufacturing.
Wilbur & Orville Wright
Brothers credited with inventing and building the first successful airplane.
Frederick Taylor
An engineer known for developing principles of scientific management for industrial efficiency.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A wealthy industrialist who profited from railroads and shipping, shaping transportation infrastructure.
Andrew Carnegie
A steel magnate and philanthropist who led the steel industry expansion and supported educational causes.
Henry Clay Frick
A key partner of Andrew Carnegie known for his role in labor disputes, notably the Homestead Strike.
John Pierpont Morgan
A powerful banker who helped finance America's industrialization and corporate consolidation.
Gustavus Swift
A meatpacking magnate who revolutionized the industry with refrigerated railcars.
Isaac Singer
Inventor of the modern sewing machine, significant in mass production techniques.
John D Rockefeller
Founder of Standard Oil, known for his monopoly and subsequent philanthropic efforts.
Herbert Spencer
A philosopher who applied Darwin's theories to social issues, promoting 'survival of the fittest'.
National Labor Union
The first national labor organization in the U.S., founded to improve workers' conditions.
Molly Maguires
A secret society of Irish-American coal miners known for violent tactics for labor improvements.
Knights of Labor
An early labor organization that aimed to unite workers and advocate for their rights.
American Federation of Labor
A major labor union focused on better wages, hours, and conditions for skilled workers.
Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers
A powerful labor union known for significant involvement in labor disputes in the steel industry.
Pinkerton Detective Agency
A private detective agency notorious for breaking up labor strikes and securing business interests.
American Railway Union
A labor union led by Eugene Debs, significant during the Pullman Strike of 1894.
Jane Addams
A social reformer and founder of Hull House, providing services for immigrants and the poor.
National American Woman Suffrage Association
The leading organization advocating for women's suffrage in the U.S.
Alice Paul
A suffragist who helped lead the campaign for the 19th Amendment and founded the National Woman's Party.
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
Women’s organization focused on temperance and women's rights.
William (Boss) Tweed
A notorious political boss in NYC, known for his corrupt Tammany Hall machine.
Ulysses S. Grant
The 18th president and former Union general known for his leadership and later presidency marked by scandals.
Rutherford B. Hayes
The 19th president known for ending Reconstruction and attempting civil service reform.
James A. Garfield
The 20th president, assassinated shortly after taking office, leading to calls for civil service reform.
Chester A. Arthur
The 21st president known for advocating civil service reform after Garfield’s assassination.
Grover Cleveland
The 22nd and 24th president known for honesty, tariff opposition, and handling of Panic of 1893.
Benjamin Harrison
The 23rd president known for the Sherman Antitrust Act and increased military spending.
William McKinley
The 25th president known for leading the U.S. during the Spanish-American War and business policies.
Stalwarts, Half-Breeds, Mugwumps
Factions within the late 19th-century Republican Party differing on patronage and civil service reform.
The Grangers/Farmer’s Alliance
Agricultural organizations advocating for political reform, especially regarding railroad regulations.
Populist Party
A political party formed to represent farmers and laborers' interests, advocating for monetary reform.
Mary Elizabeth Lease
A leader in the Populist movement advocating for farmer's rights and women's suffrage.
William Jennings Bryan
A three-time Democratic presidential candidate known for supporting silver coinage and the Scopes Trial.
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