2.2, 2.3, 2.4 Cells, 1.1 MRS GREN, 1.2 living organisms

Movement

Change in position or shape

Respiration

The conversion of energy from carbohydrates and fats into energy that can be used by cells

Sensitivity

All organisms are able to sense changes in their environment and will respond accordingly

Nutrition

In order for organisms to survive they require food for energy and nutrients

Excretion

All organisms produce waste products that need to be removed

Reproduction

the creation of offspring from an existing organism

Growth

A permanent increase in size and mass

Homeostasis (Control)

process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment

Cell Membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Cell Wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to plant cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA that is responsible for controlling all activity in the cell

Mitochondria

An organelle where the chemical reactions of respiration and energy production occur.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Organelle

A specialized structure that performs a specific function within a cell

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Which cell organelles are only found in plant cells?

Cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast

What are the different types of living organisms?

Plants, animals, fungi, protoctists, prokaryotes

What are autotrophs?

Living organisms that produce their own food

What are heterotrophs?

Living organisms which depend on other sources for food

Are plants unicellular or multicellular?

multicellular

Are plants autotrophs or heterotrophs?

Autotrophs

How do plants get nutrients?

Photosynthesis

What are plant’s cell wall made of?

Cellulose

What do plants store carbohydrate as?

Starch or sucrose

Examples of plants

Flowering plants, Cereal (maize), herbaceous legume (peas, beans)

Are animals multicellular or unicellular?

Multicellular

Are animals autotrophs or heterotrophs?

Heterotrophs

Why do animals have no cell walls?

So that their cells can change shape allowing them to move around and be flexible

How do animals coordinate?

Nervous system

How do animals gain nutrients?

From feeding off other animals or plants and nutrients are directly absorbed to cells.

What do animals store carbohydrates as?

Glycogen

Examples of animals

Mammals (like humans), insects (like mosquito)

Similarities and differences in the structure of plant and animal cells

Similarities: eukaryotic (have a membrane bound nucleus), contain mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm

Differences: plants have cell wall (fixed structure) and animals do not and are flexible, plants have chloroplast for photosynthesis, plants have vacuole, plants store energy as starch and animals store as glycogen

Can fungi carry out photosynthesis?

No

Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?

Satrotrophs

Example of fungi

Mucor (have the typical hyphal structure), yeast (single celled)

What structure makes up the body of fungus?

Their body is usually organised into a mycelium made from thread-like structures called hyphae which may contain many nuclei (but some are single celled)

Do fungi have cell walls?

Yes

What are fungi’s cell walls made of?

Chitin

How does fungi get nutrients?

Saprotrophic nutrition - secreting digestive enzymes that break down organic molecules and absorb the molecules

How may fungi store carbohydrates as?

Glycogen

Are protoctists multicellular or unicellular?

Most are unicellular

What is a protoctist?

Mixed group of organisms that are not animal, plant or fungi

Examples of protoctists

Chlorella (plant cell like), amoeba (animal cell like), plasmodium (responsible for malaria)

What are prokaryotes?

Unicellular bacteria organisms that lack nucleus

Do prokaryotes have cell wall?

Most

Examples of prokaryotes

Lactobacillus bulgaricus (used in the production of yoghurt), Pneumococcus (causes pneumonia)