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John Locke
Philosopher advocating natural rights and social contract theories in the 17th century.
social contract
Agreement for collective governance in exchange for personal rights.
tabula rasa
Concept that individuals are born without built-in mental content.
philosophes
18th-century Enlightenment intellectuals promoting reason and reform.
Baron Montesquieu
Philosopher who advocated separation of powers in government systems.
Voltaire
Writer renowned for critiques of religion and advocacy for civil liberties.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Philosopher who expanded social contract theory, emphasizing general will.
Enlightenment
Intellectual movement prioritizing reason, individualism, and scientific inquiry.
nationalism
Loyalty and pride in one's culture or nation, often leading to statehood aspirations.
empiricism
Theory that knowledge is derived from sensory experience and experiments.
deism
Belief in a god who created the universe but does not intervene in its operations.
Thomas Paine
Political activist known for advocating independence and Deism in writings.
conservatism
Political philosophy favoring tradition and gradual change over radical reform.
classical liberalism
Ideology that emphasizes individual rights, limited government, and free markets.
feminism
Movement advocating for women's rights and equality based on Enlightenment principles.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Early feminist writer advocating for women’s education and rights.
abolitionism
Movement aimed at ending slavery and promoting the freedom of enslaved people.
Zionism
National movement for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the historical land of Israel.
anti-Semitism
Hostility or prejudice against Jews, leading to discrimination and persecution.
Theodor Herzl
Founder of modern Zionism advocating for a Jewish state in the late 19th century.
Dreyfus Affair
Controversial trial highlighting deep-seated anti-Semitism in France in the late 19th century.
Adam Smith
Economist advocating for free markets and minimal government intervention in economic matters.
The Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith's work promoting capitalism and free trade principles.
laissez-faire
Economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in business operations.
capitalism
Economic system where means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.
socialism
Economic theory advocating for public or cooperative ownership of production means.
utopian socialists
Reformers envisioning ideal communities by advocating for cooperative ownership.
Henri de Saint-Simon
Proponent of industrial cooperation and public works for societal benefit.
Charles Fourier
Theorist promoting harmonious communities and enjoyable work experiences.
Robert Owen
Social reformer founding intentional communities based on socialist principles.
Fabian Society
British socialist group advocating for gradual reforms through political mean
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