A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question; must be testable
Hypothesis
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The factor that differs between your experimental and control groups. It is what YOU manipulate
Independent Variable
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The factor that you measure. These measurements DEPEND on the independent variable. Any data that you take is your dependent variable.
Dependent Variable
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The group that is tested on so that you can look back and compare other tests to
Control
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Any aspect of your experiment and control groups
Constants
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Purpose; define the problem
1st step of the scientific method
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Research
2nd step of the scientific method
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Hypothesis
3rd step of the scientific method
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Experiment
4th step of the scientific method
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Analysis
5th step of the scientific method
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Conclusion
6th step of the scientific method
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The experiment must be repeated several times; The sample size must be large; The sample group must be chosen at random; The data collected should be a measurable concept; Make sure there is only 1 independent variable; The experiment must have a control for comparison
What makes an experiment valid
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on the x axis
Where does an independent variable get graphed
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on the y axis
Where does a dependent variable get graphed
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A supercontinent that was formed 300 million years ago
Pangea
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Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock
Fossil
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A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust
Plate
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Breaks in Earth's crust where rocks have slipped past each other; earthquakes form along these
Fault
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A system that uses reflected sound waves to locate and determine the distance to objects underwater
Sonar
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When mid ocean ridges continually add new material to the ocean floor which results in more crust being added to the ocean floor while at the same time older stripes of rock move outward from either side of the ridge
Sea floor spreading
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The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep ocean trench and back into the mantle again
Subduction
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work together to move the ocean floor; controls the size of the Earth's oceans based on how fast crust is being created and swallowed
Sea floor spreading and subduction
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where crust is created in sea floor spreading
Mid ocean ridges
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consumes crust in subduction
Deep ocean trench
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Wegner's idea that continents slowly move over Earth's surface
Continental drift
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Plates move apart, or diverge, from each other
Divergent boundary
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Plates com together or converge
Convergent boundary
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Rift valleys
Divergent boundary (example)
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Andes Mountains
Convergent boundary(example)
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San Andreas
Transform boundary(example)
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identical strips on the sea floor
Magnetic striping
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force that acts on a rock to change its shape or volume
Stress
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the stress force that pulls on the crust and thin rock in the middle
Tension
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the stress force that squeezes rock until it fields or breaks
Compression
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stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions
Shearing
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the shaking and trembling that resuts from the movement of rock beneath the Earth's surface
Earthquakes
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the point on the surface directly above the focus
Epicenter
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the area beneath Earth's surface where rock that was under stress begins to break or move
Focus
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as instrument that records and measures an earthquake's seismic waves
Seismograph
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seismic waves compress and expand the ground like an accordion. First waves to arrive; primary. Can travel through solids and liquids
P waves
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seismic waves can vibrate from side to side or up and down. Their vibrations are at a right angle to the directionthey travel. When they reach the surface they shake structures violently. Cannot pass through liquids. Secondary
S waves
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Waves that move slower than primary and seconary waves. They produce severe ground movement. They produce movement that is similar to waves in water, where the water's articles move in a pattern that is almost cirular. They can make the ground roll like ocean waves or shake building from side to side
Surface wave
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Forces of plate movement (a release of stress) causes the rock to break, resukting in the shaking of Earth's surface
Causes of an earthquake
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Pulling in opposite directions; thins rock in the crust
Tension
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pushing together; froces that squeeze rock until it folds or breaks
Compression
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Pushing in opposite directions; cuases rock to slip apart or change shape
Shearing
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faults
Where earthquakes occur
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compress and expand the ground like an accordion ( travel through solids and liquids)
How do seismic waves move; P waves
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vibrate side to side or up and down; only travel through solids and shake structures violently
How do seismic waves move; S waves
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move almost like a water wave (circular); these waves form when S and P waves reach the surface
How do seismic waves move; Surface Waves
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Based solely on human observation
Modified Mercalli Scale
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Rate earthquakes based on the size of waves
Rickter Scale
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rate earthquakes based on the amount of energy released
Moment Magnitude Scale
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Rio Grande River
Normal fault (example)
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Northern Rocky Mountains
Reverse fault (example)
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San Andreas
Strike Slip fault (example)
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a fold in the rock that bends upward into an arch
Anticline
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a fold in the rock that bends down to form a V shape
Syncline
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the process that breaks down rock and other substances
Erosion
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refers to the wearing away of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice, wind, or gravity
Abrasion
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This means a material is full of tiny connected air spaces that allow water to seep through it
Permeable
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the loose weathering material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow
Soil
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the solid layer of rock beneath the soil
Bedrock
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a dark-colored substance that forms as plant and animal remains decay
Humus
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Soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt. The best soil for growing most plant
Loam
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iron combines with oxygen in the presence of water
Oxidation
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heat, cold, water, ice, and gases
Factors that affect the rate of weathering
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when a rock is physically broken down into smaller pieces
Mechanical weathering
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when rocks and minerals undergo changes in their chemical makeup
Chemical weathering
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animal actions, freezing and thawing, plant growth, release of pressure, abrasion
Agents of mechanical weathering
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water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, acid rain
Agents of chemical weathering
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compositions, fertility, texture, pH
characteristics of soil
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forms as bedrock begins to weather. The rock breaks up into small particles
C Horizon
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top; forms as plants add organic materials
A Horizon
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forms as rainwater washes these materials down from the A horizon
B Horizon
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carbon dioxide
Weathers away marble and limestone
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the process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another
Erosion
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what occurs where the agents of erosion deposit, or lay down, sediment. It changes the shape of the land
Deposition
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the material erosion moves; may consist of pieces of rock or soil or remains of plants and animals
Sediment
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the moving water carries particles with it
Runoff
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water, glacial, wind, and wave
Types of erosion
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waterfalls, flood plains, meanders, oxbow lakes,
Landforms due to water erosion
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Alluvial fans, delts
Landforms due to water deposition
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Horn, cirque, U-shaped valley, arete
Landforms due to glacial erosion
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Fiord, glacial lake, Morain, drumlin, kettle
Landforms due to glacial deposition
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vegetation, amount of rain, type of soil, the shape of the land, land's use
Studied by 11 people
