Develop Pysc 3374 unit 3

Puberty timeline

→ Males: 11–15
→ Females: 10–14

Changes during puberty

Growth spurt (about 10 inches), sexual maturation, hormonal changes, brain development

Male puberty changes

Voice changes, growth of hair, increase in size of penis and testicles

Female puberty changes

Begins menstruation, growth of hair, increase in breast size, widening of hips

Brain development in adolescence

Continued pruning of neural connections, fewer but more effective connections, increased connections across brain areas

STI

infected, may not show symptoms but still contagious

STD

infection progresses to visible symptoms

Sex-ed

teaches safe sex, STDs/STIs, may include waiting

Abstinence

only waiting until marriage

Benefits of exercise

Minimum 60 minutes, improves physical health, mental health, academics, memory, sleep

Sleep patterns in adolescence

8–10 hours per night, delayed melatonin and wake time by ~1 hour

Leading causes of death in adolescence

Unintentional injuries (especially car accidents), homicide, suicide

Buffers against drug use

Parents, peers, academic success

Drug most linked to adolescent use

Marijuana

Anorexia nervosa

Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation

Bulimia nervosa

Binge-and-purge pattern with vomiting or laxatives

Adolescent egocentrism

Heightened self-consciousness

Imaginary audience

Belief others are constantly watching them

Personal fable

Belief they are special and unique

Piaget’s formal operational stage

Abstract thinking, logical problem solving, hypothetical thinking, ideological thinking

Executive function

Control attention, reduce distractions, flexible thinking

Adolescent decision making

Better when calm and not influenced by peers or risk

Criticisms of middle/high schools

Not preparing students well, irrelevant curriculum, teaching to test, lack of fitness focus, impersonal, shortage of counselors

Personal identity includes

Career, political, religious, cultural, physical, sexual, relationships, achievement, interests, personality

Erikson identity stage

→ Ages 12–20, search for identity
→ Success: strong sense of self
→ Failure: confusion

Identity diffusion

No interest in exploring identity

Identity foreclosure

Accept identity given by others

Identity moratorium

Exploring but not committed

Identity achievement

Explored and committed

Parent-adolescent conflict

Usually moderate, about everyday issues (chores, rules, time)

Direct peer pressure

Direct request to engage in behavior

Indirect peer pressure

Exposure without direct request

Cliques

Small group (5–7) with shared interests

Crowds

Larger groups made of cliques based on reputation

Rites of passage

→ Religious: bat mitzvah, confirmation
→ Cultural: driver’s license, graduation

Bicultural identity

Identify with both ethnic group and broader culture

Juvenile delinquency

Illegal behavior by adolescents

Factors in delinquency

Identity problems, low SES, lack of parental monitoring, low academic success, siblings, peers

Emerging adulthood

→ Ages 18–25, transition period
→ Identity exploration, instability, self-focused, feeling in between, possibilities

Marker of adulthood (main)

Financial independence

Other markers of adulthood

Marriage, having children

Peak physical performance

Ages 19–26

Health risks in early adulthood

Poor diet, lack of exercise, obesity, substance use, risky sex, limited healthcare

Obesity statistics

40% obese, 30% overweight

Obesity risks

Diabetes, heart disease, cancers

Best weight control method

Exercise

Exercise

Sustained activity that increases heart/lung activity (running, biking, swimming)

Sex and well-being

Linked to higher satisfaction and well-being

Who has most sex

Married and cohabiting couples

Postformal thought

More realistic and practical thinking

Features of postformal thought

Reflective, provisional, realistic, emotions influence thinking

Secure attachment

Comfortable with closeness, positive relationships

Avoidant attachment

Avoid closeness, distance from partner

Anxious attachment

Clingy, jealous, less trusting

Erikson stage (early adulthood)

Intimacy vs isolation (20–30)

Success in Erikson stage

Form close relationships

Failure in Erikson stage

Isolation

Sternberg’s 3 components of love

Passion, intimacy, commitment

7 types of love

→ Liking
→ Infatuation
→ Empty
→ Romantic
→ Companionate
→ Fatuous
→ Consummate

Liking

intimacy

Infatuation

passion

Empty

commitment

Romantic

intimacy + passion

Companionate

intimacy + commitment

Fatuous

passion + commitment

Consummate

all three

Single adults

Increase due to delayed or no marriage

Cohabiting adults

Living together without marriage

Married adults

78.5% happy, better health and longevity

Divorce rate

42–45%, often within 5–10 years

Parenting (early vs later)

→ Early: more energy, fewer medical issues
→ Later: more maturity, financial stability

Female friendships

More friends, more self-disclosure

Male friendships

Fewer friends, more activity-based, more competition

Rapport talk

Build relationships

Report talk

Give information

Divorce rates have increased in recent years (T/F)

False, they have decreased