western civ exam two

What were Dukes in the context of Feudalism?

Feudal lords who ruled over towns and cities and led armies of new rulers, protecting communities and upholding justice.

What was significant about Pope John XII's tenure?

He was elected Pope at age 18 and died from a stroke while sleeping with a married woman.

What was the purpose of Martin Luther's Ninety Five Theses?

It was a reaction against the church's indulgences, questioning the Pope and his decisions.

Who was the Marquis de Louvois?

Louis XIV's secretary of state for war, who transformed the French Army into the largest in Europe.

What did the Peace of Westphalia accomplish?

It ended the Thirty Years' War and allowed leaders of the Holy Roman Empire to choose the religion for their regions.

What is Scrofula?

A bacterial illness causing swelling of lymph nodes, believed to be healable by the king's touch.

What is Humanism in the context of the Renaissance?

A focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavors, contrasting the Catholic Church's view of inherent human sinfulness.

Who was John Calvin and what did he accomplish?

He left the Catholic Church to establish Protestantism in Switzerland, forming Calvinism.

What is the Palace of Versailles known for?

It was the home of the Royal Court built by Louis XIV, serving as a space for nobles to gain favor with the King.

What defines the Bourgeoisie in society?

The middle class who worked in business and professional occupations, benefiting from the Atlantic system and seeking higher standards of living.