Titanium Group, Nitrogen Group, & Vanadium Group

Titanium

• “sons of the earth”

• alloys with steel

• used in aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles

Titanium dioxide

• used as white pigment in creams and paints

• ward off light rays - for sunscreen prep

• opacifying agent in capsule and tablet coatings

Cerium oxalate

• antiemetic - during early stage of pregnancy

Pnictogens

• “to choke”

Nitrogen

• “Mephitic air” (D. Rutherford)

• Azote

• found in nature as chile saltpeter (sodium nitrate)

• found in soil

• necessity for development of plants - nitrogen fixation

Azote

means without life (A. Lavoisier)

79% nitrogen

Volume of nitrogen in atmosphere

Nitrous oxide

• “laughing gas”

• exhilarating effect when inhaled

• ANALGESIC AND ANESTHETIC

Ammonia

• “alkaline air”

• colorless gas w/ strong pungent odor

• produced commercially by HABER PROCESS

• Ammonium hydroxide sol - ammonia water

Liquid ammonia

• used for refrigeration and manufacture of ARTIFICIAL ICE

Strong ammonia solution

• stronger ammonia water

• 27 - 29% NH3

• used in manufacture of ammonium salts, nitric acid, and fertilizers

Diluted ammonia solution

• ammonia water

• 9 - 10% NH3

• “Spirits of hartshorn” - product of destructive dist. horn of male deer

• “household ammonia” - for cleaning and washing due to water softening and saponifying agent

Ammonium bromide

sedative

Ammonium carbonate

• “sal volatile”, preston salt, Hartshorn

• REFLEX STIMULANT & EXPECTORANT

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

• gastric stimulant

• carminative and antacid

Ammonium acetate solution

“Spirit of Mindererus””

Expectorant Mixture

“Mistura pectoralis, Stroke’s Expectorant”

Ammonium chloride

• “Muriate of Ammonia, Sal ammoniac”

• Expectorant, diuretic

Phosphorus

“i bear light” - greek - phosphorescence

White P

• most reactive

• stored under kerosene

Red P

less reactive than White P

Scarlet P

• obtained by heating PI3 with Hg; mixed with potassium chlorate to make matches

Violet P

obtained by heating White P with Na

Black P

• obtained by heating P with Pb;

• least reactive

• most stable

Hydrides of Phosphorus (Phosphine PH3)