AP Psychology Unit 10: Personality

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Psychology for the AP Course- Third edition

63 Terms

1

Personality

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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Psychodynamic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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Psychoanalysis

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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Unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

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5

Free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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6

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

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Ego

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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8

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

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9

Psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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10

Oral (0–18 months)

Pleasure centers on the mouth—sucking, biting, chewing

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Anal (18–36 months)

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

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Phallic (3–6 years)

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

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Latency (6 to puberty)

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

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14

Genital (puberty on)

Maturation of sexual interests

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15

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

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Identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

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Fixation

in psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

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Defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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Repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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Regression

Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

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Reaction formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

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Projection

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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Rationalization

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

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Displacement

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

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Sublimation

Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives

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Denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

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27

Collective unconscious

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

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Projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

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Thematic Apperception Test

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

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Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

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31

Terror-management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

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Humanistic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

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33

Hierarchy of needs

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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Self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

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Self-trancendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

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Unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

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37

Self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

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38

Trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

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Personality inventory

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

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Empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups

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Social- cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

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43

Behavioral approach

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

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Recriprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

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Psychoanalytic

Personality consists of pleasure-seeking impulses (the id), a reality-oriented executive (the ego), and an internalized set of ideals (the superego).

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Psychodynamic

The dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious motives and conflicts shapes our personality

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Humanistic

If our basic human needs are met, we will strive toward self-actualization. In a climate of unconditional positive regard, we can develop selfawareness and a more realistic and positive self-concept.

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Trait

Scientific study of traits has isolated important dimensions of personality, such as the Big Five traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion).

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Social-cognitive

Conditioning and observational learning interact with cognition to create behavior patterns. Our behavior in one situation is best predicted by considering our past behavior in similar situations

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50

Case study

In-depth study of one individual

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51

Survey

Systematic questioning of a random sample of the population.

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52

Projective tests

Ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics

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Personality inventories

Objectively scored groups of questions designed to identify personality dispositions

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Observation

Studying how individuals react in different situations

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Experimentation

Manipulate variables, with random assignment to conditions

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Self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

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Spotlight effect

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

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Self-esteem

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

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Self-efficacy

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

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60

Self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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61

Narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

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62

Individualism

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

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Collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

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