GEN PHYS- EXAM 3RD QUARTER

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

Any of the many self-contained units of matter or energy that are the fundamental building blocks of all matter are subatomic particl also known as elementary particles.

Electrons

The negatively charged, almost massless particles that still make up the majority of an atom's size

Protons

The particle possesses an electrical charge that is positive and opposite to the electron’s

Neutron

The particle comes from the fact that it is electrically neutral and devoid of charge. The densest particles are neutrons.

Electric Charges

In an atom, the subatomic particles provide the net charges . An electrically neutral atom contains an equal number of protons and electrons.

IMBALANCE OF AN ATOM

When the atoms of an element have extra neutrons or protons it creates extra energy in the nucleus and causes the atom to become unbalanced or unstable.

CATIONS

are positive ions (more protons than electrons)

ANIONS

- are negative ions (more electrons than protons)

atom of matter

When the number of protons in the nucleus is different from the number of electrons around that nucleus, an electrical charge develops in the __________

Charging by Rubbing

An electrically neutral body can gain charge by rubbing or frictions. Consider two different uncharged bodies. Because of their material compositions, the nuclei of their atoms pull their electrons with different strengths.

Triboelectric Series

⮚ The charge acquired by rubbed materials can be determined using the triboelectric series

⮚ It is a list of common materials that were experimented on and found to behave in a predictable way

Charging by Rubbing

Rubbing two objects will result in the wearing off of electrons from the object that weekly holds its electrons. This teachers you that you should hold on to what matters most in your life unless you are willing to let it go.

Charging by Conduction

The process by which electrons are moved from one thing to another. direct interaction Charging via Induction: Electrons can react to the electric field of a charged item without contacting it (similar to when you rub your feet on the carpet, but the charges go to your hands.)

Charging by Conduction

Conduction shows how a strongly charged body can induce in a neutrally charged body, Similarly, being around strongly positive people has a good effect on your perspective in life.

Charging by Induction

An object is charged without ever coming into contact with another charged object. In the charging by induction procedure, the charged particle is kept close to a conductive substance that is grounded on a neutrally charged material and is electrically neutral.

Electric Dipole

A pair of opposite charges, q and -q, separated by a certain amount of space, d, are referred to as an electric dipole. Electric dipoles in space always point from negative charge -q to positive charge q by default. The dipole's center is defined as the intersection of q and -q.

Polarization

it is the process wherein electrically neutrals body becomes polar by the rearrangement of its molecules

Point Dipoles

- refers to atoms bearing a positive side and a negative side. In such atoms and electrons converge or gather on one side and the protons on the other.

Molecular Dipoles

- this type of dipoles involves a molecule having a negatively charged side and positively charge side.

Instantaneous or Temporarily Dipole

- is an atom or molecule with most of it negative charges shifted only one side as a result of their random movement

electrostatic force

• exists between two charges placed at a distance.

• The magnitude of —————— depends on the magnitude of each charge and the distance between them.

• When two positive charges or two negative charges are brought together, then the two charges repel each other.

electric field

• is defined as the electric force per unit charge.

• The direction of the field is taken to be the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test charge. The electric field is radially outward from a positive charge and radially in toward a negative point charge.

source charge

is the charge from where the electric field comes.

Electric Flux and Gauss's Law

Electric field is represented by arrows to indicate the flow or movement from a positive charge or to a negative charge. This flow of an electric field through a given area is measurable using electric flux.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

Is the amount of ____________ energy per unit charge. This is equivalent to the amount of work needed to move a charge from one reference point to another.

Potential Energy

is one of the many forms of energy. It is the energy of a body due to its position and is normally converted into useful work. This is why it is known as the energy at rest.

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)

a type of potential energy, is due to a body's elevation from the ground. A body placed higher above the ground can do greater work as it moves downward from its initial position

Equipotential Lines

- Electric field lines are drawn around a charge to represent the electric field around it.

Electron Guns in CRT TV Picture Tubes

The TV sets in your homes had evolved from cathode ray tubes (CRTs) back then to the plasma screens you see today.

Van de Graaff Generators

developed as a particle accelerator before being outdated by modern technology, Van de Graaff generators are still being used in demonstrations inside science laboratories

DRIFT VELOCITY

- is the average velocity attained by charged particles, such as electrons, in a material due to an electric field.

ELECTRIC CURRENT

- refers to the flow of electricity in an electronic circuit, and to the amount of electricity flowing through a circuit.

electrical conductor

is any material that’s allows the free flow of electric current.

Ohm’s LAW

❑ In 1827, Georg Simon Ohm discovered the relationship among voltage, current and resistance.

❑ He found out that electricity acts similarity to water in a pipe.

❑ He was able to summarize the relationship among EMF or voltage (v). Electric current (I) and resistance (R) through the stated ohm’s law. In equation form, Ohm’s law is stated as follows

electric circuits.

Pathways for the current to move to and from the source and the appliance are called

Closed circuits

allow the current t flow from the source of the current to the load where current is needed.

Open Circuit

an "open" circuit does not form a closed loop; the resulting circuit would then be nonfunctional. Open circuits have a gap(s) where current cannot flow.

Resistor

- an electronic component used to provide a specific amount of resistance it can be considered as “load” because loads provide resistance to current flow

series circuit

all components are connected using a single pathway. In other words, a _____________ is characterized by a single loop for current to flow. The current is the same for all the components along this circuit.

Parallel Circuits

Use branches to allow current to pass through more than one path, unlike in the series circuit.

Ohmic components

show the relationship between voltage and the current as in Ohm's law. This means that the way these components behave in a circuit can be predicted using the said law.

non-ohmic components

do not behave as ohmic components. Ohm's law does not apply in the way these components operate; thus, other factors are considered when these components are placed in a circuit.