orgo ch5

types of reactions

proton transfer, addition, substituation, elimination, rearrangement, oxidation, reduction

homolytic cleavage

movement of e to form free radicals

homogenic formation

free radicals combine to form bond

acid

a species gives up a bonded proton, strong acids have low pka

bases

which forms bonds with the proton

-10 pka- mineral acids, sulfonic acids

h2so4, hi, hbr, hcl, rsho3h

-2 pka

h3oplus, h3po4

5 pka

cooh, hf, hn3

10 pka

h2s, hcn, nh4plus, nh3plus, aroh, rsh

15 pka-2

h2o, roh

20 pka- 2

rch2cor, aldehyde

25 pka- 2

ester, alkynes

40 pka- 2

nh3, nh2

45 pka

arenes, alkenes

50 pka

alkanes

k equailibrium

10 to power pka product minus reactant

element effect

acids strength increases with increasing en and size

orbital hybridization

the more s character the lower pka

inductive effect

presence of en atom nearby increase acidity

resonance effect

conjugate base formed after depolarization is stabilized by resonance

lewis acid and lewis base

form new bond by accepting pair of e, form new bond by donating pair of e

nucleophilees

electron donors

electrophile

electron acceptors

gibbs free energy

energy control the direction of equilibrium reaction

exergonic reaction

keq more than one, g less than zero, more energy released

endergonic reaction

keq is less than one, g is more than zero, consumes more energy

catalysis

increase rate by adding catalyst, not consumed in reaction