ARCH 1013 Final Exam (Briar Jones)

Architecture responds to...

the needs of its users and rises to the level of art

Architecture is connected to...

a particular place and relates to the specifics of geography, climate and the surroundings

Why is architecture important?

because it permanently records a civilization's aesthetic tastes, material resources, political and social aspirations

What does architecture help define?

a place

what are the three principals Vitruvius felt was essential to architecture?

firmness, commodity, and delight

representative sketch

abstract sketch

symbolic sketch

solids and voids

the relationship between them creates architectural space

symmetry

designing one side of a space to mirror the opposite

Asymmetry

architectural elements that are unevenly spaced in size, shape, and/or position

scale

the size or proportion a building element appears to have relative to other elements of know or assumed size

why do architects use scale figures?

to help convey visual scale

proportion

a quantified relationship among the parts of an element as well as the relationship of that element to the whole

golden section

known since the Greek mathematician Euclid, an irrational proportion with special mathematical and spatial relationships applicable to a wide variety of phenomena, including aesthetics, art, music, and nature

"a line cut in such a way that the smaller section is to the greater as the greater is to the whole"

golden section

leonardo de vinci's drawing of body's balanced proportions

Le Corbusier's Modulor

a series of harmonic numbers; one was the average height of the human being, the other the height of a man with raised arms

massing

composing three-dimensional shapes or volumes into a building design

style

a particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people, or period

shed roof

slopes to one side

gable roof

slopes to two sides

hipped roof

sloping ends and sides that meet at a ridge

pavilion roof

shaped like a pyramid and is used to cover a square structure

barrel vault

a semicircular roof

gambrel roof

combines two different pitches below the ridge

mansard roof

a roof that has four sloping sides, each of which becomes steeper halfway down

flat roof

makes it possible to put a roof over a building that has a large plan, very low slope

rusticated walls

made of stone that are typically rough and raised off the wall surface

half timbered wall

having a timber framework with the spaces filled with masonry or plaster

clapboard siding

wood siding laid horizontally

board and batten siding

wood siding laid vertically consisting of wide boards and narrow battens

stucco wall

a course plaster composed of cement, sand and lime, mixed with water and used to cover exterior walls

masonry wall

brick/stone/concrete block

concrete wall

pre-cast and poured in place

lancet window

decorative stonework

palladian window

a round headed window flanked by two smaller windows

double hung window

a window having two vertically hung sashes, each in separate tracks

dormer window

a vertical window in a projection built out on a sloping roof

bay window

a window projecting from the surface of the wall to allow light from three sides

ribbon window

horizontal band of windows

casement window

a window sash opening on hinges generally attached to the vertical side of the frame

transom window

a window above the transom of a doorway

clerestory windows

a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows to admit daylight

pedimented doorways

a triangular shaped element historically made of stone

arched doorway

associated with Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

venetian doorway

A door opening with a semicircular window above and flanked by vertical windows

french doorway

door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length often hung in Paris

sliding door

a door that operates or moves by sliding on a track

building type

an architectural form which has become accepted by society through repeated use

the building program

a client's list of practical requirements for a design project

what are three things required for any architectural project?

need, land (site), and financing

Steps required to become a licensed Architect

-5-year BARC or 4+2 MARC or 3+ year MARC

- Minimum 3-year internship (minimum weeks of exposure to various aspects of practice)

- Pass 9 part ARE exam

Basic Architectural Services consist of the following phases:

- schematic design

- design development

- construction documents

- bidding and contract negotiation

- construction phase

what are the types of architectural drawings?

- orthographic

- axonometric

- perspective

orthographic drawing

2D (plan, section, elevation)

plan drawing

section drawing

elevation drawing

live loads

forces from all the "movable" elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc)

dead loads

forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, built-ins, etc.)

menhirs

single stone standing upright

dolmen

several stones supporting a horizontal stone slab

henges

circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged

cromlech

circle of stones

trabeation

post and lintels

what are the three types of pyramids?

Step, Bent, Straight

step pyramid

Saqqara Doser's pyramid

bent pyramid

Sneferu's South Pyramid, Dahshur, Egypt

straight pyramid

Cheop's Pyramid, Giza, Egypt

who was the first recorded architect?

Egyptian named Imhotep, the one who comes in peace, born a commoner

why did Zoser hire Imhotep?

to design and build his tomb

how did Imhotep "translate" traditional materials?

used stone instead of mud, wood, and reeds

what was Imhotep's other occupation?

astronomer, magician, and doctor

who was later worshipped by the Eygyptians as a god?

Imhotep

Temple at Karnac

bud columns, papyrus bundles

Lion's Gate

sense of structure was an inheritance from Neolithic period (post and lintel)

where was the lion element borrowed from at the Lion's Gate?

Egypt, but now more organic

why were the walls beyond narrow in the Lion's Gate?

to allow defenders increased opportunity to repeal attackers

Egyptians or Greeks. Who believed in an afterlife?

Egyptians

Egyptians or Greeks. Who believed in a collective eternity?

Egyptians

Egyptians or Greeks. Who sought immortality through achievement?

Greeks

Egyptians or Greeks. Who saw excellence in deeds?

Greeks

Egyptians or Greeks. Who recorded accomplishments so it was remembered forever?

Greeks

what type of building housed gods?

temples

how were temples built to impress non-Greeks?

used vivid colors to be seen from a great distance

Doric order

-oldest, simplest, most massive

-columns placed close together, often no bases

-plain capitals

-entablatures have metopes and triglyphs

ionic order

-Developed in Ionian Islands

-Characterized as delicate order - "female"

-Contrasted with "male" Doric order

-Used for smaller buildings and interiors

-Easily recognizable by Volutes on Capital (based on nautilus shells or animal horns)

what is an example of perfect ionic order?

Temple of Athena Nike

corinthian order

-variation of Ionic Order

-same as Ionic except a new type of Capital

-capital is more ornate-acanthus leaves

-often found on interiors

entasis

the slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle

The Acropolis

Athens, Greece

the "Parthenon"

- refined perfection of Doric order

- supreme example of classical

who purchased marbles from Turks?

Lord Elgin

caryatids

a sculptured female figure used as a column

atlas

a sculptured male figure used as a column

Greeks made objects in the landscape:

balance, harmony, refinement of form, NOT structural innovation

who used post and beams?

Greeks

who conquered the Greeks and brought classical architecture?

Romans (Etruscans)

Romans made spaces:

Made images in context, made innovations in construction and technology