CSET MS Subtest 1 History and Social Science

Latitude

lines on globe measuring degrees north and south of the equator

Longitude

lines on globe measuring degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian

Prime Meridian

line considered longitude 0 degrees and runs through Greenwich, UK

Hemispheres

measures half the globe; Northern and Southern

Time Zones

any of the 24 longitudinal zones that divides the Earth and determines how standard time is used

International Date Line

North to south imaginary line at 180 degrees opposite the Prime Meridian where each calendar day begins

Crusades

High Middle Ages (1050-1300 CE)

A series of military expeditions launched from Christian Europe against the peoples of the Near East (Jerusalem)

Found new trade routes and brought back spices/goods

Prehistoric Age

archeologists study how people lived before written records

hunter-gatherers, agriculture to grow their own food, domesticated animals, villages, specialize in other work thanks to surplus of food, trade, development of writing

Civilization

requires agriculture (extra food), cities of people, specialized labor, well developed trade, written language, government, shared values or religion, own style of architecture and artwork

Mesopotamia

Persian Gulf, Fertile Crescent, land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Sumerians: cuneiform (earliest known writing system), large scale irrigation, ziggurat (architecture)

Babylonians: Hammurabi-first written code to regulate society, centralized government, taxes

Hittites: iron smelting, aggressive powerful weapons

Assyrians: more war, siege warfare

Chaldeans: (New Babylonians), Nebuchadnezzar (key figure), astrology, astronomy, hanging gardens

Persians: empire that attempted to unify Near East

Phoenicians

first to have alphabetical characters (phonics), made money by trading purple dye

Hebrews

Abraham, 12 tribes of Israel, Moses

Ancient India

Hindus Valley (protected by the Himalayans)

Achieved a great level of civilization - running water, architecture, patios, baths, some type of writing

Ancient Chinese

Yellow River, surrounded by mountains, deserts, steppes, and Pacific Ocean

Repeatedly invaded by the Mongols - established Silk Road trade

Several voyages of exploration under Ming Dynasty

Arrival of foreign merchants, Marco Polo, and Christian missionaries

Invented paper and writing system

Ancient Egypt

Fertile Crescent, Nile River, defensible borders

irrigation, fertilization, agriculture, trade, economy

dynasties, pharaohs (deity), nobility and priests, farmers and artisans, peasants and slaves

architecture, pyramids, cities

hieroglyphics, papyrus, lunar calendar, number system, medicine

Kush

civilization also based near the Nile

traded with Egyptians and neighboring kingdoms - innovative system of trade

gold, salt, agriculture

Ancient Greece Macedonia

Balkan Peninsula, mountains, surrounding islands

isolated city states, few natural resources

navigation and trade - founding of colonies

Independent city states - Athens and Sparta - Peloponnesian War

citizens and slaves; no status for women

Philip of Macedonia - son Alexandar the Great

Homer, philosophy, art, plays, comedies

Democracy, Olympic Games

Ancient Rome

Italian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea

Navigable rivers, mountains and hills

The Republic, consuls, senate, assembly - same as California

powerful roman army and conquests - economic decline (too big to control)

Caesar to Constantine - split of Western/Eastern, rise of Christianity

architecture, engineering of roads and aqueducts, arts, philosophy, science, humanities

Middle Ages / Medieval Europe

Dark Ages - period of decline after destruction of Rome, viking invasions

Feudalism, land-owning nobility

Manorialism, agricultural and economic foundation

Development of Nation States

Strict class division - clergy and nobility, peasants and artisans, and serfs

Decline of feudalism/manorialism - rise of towns and commercial revival

The Crusades

Liberal Arts Education - universities, theology, Latin

Chinese Medieval Society

feudal lords with allegiance to an “all powerful” emperor

Silk Road - two way trade

Confucianism - religion based on cult of ancestors, ethical code of conduct

Japanese Medieval Society

chain of islands, mountainous, fertile soil (rice)

sea provided isolation and food

adapted Chinese writing and Confucian ideas of family and ancestor worship

maintained Shinto, Taoist, and Buddhist religious beliefs

Samurai (warrior knights) gained power by the 1100’s

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

Economic prosperity based on commercial trade route and monopoly of silk trade (fair customer service)

Use of diplomacy to avoid invasions

Codification of Roman Law

Religious Split between the West and Roman Catholic Church

Preserved Greco-Roman Civilization and Eastern Orthodox Church - spread to Eastern Europe

Economic stability and strength

The Rise of Christianity

Jesus and the Apostles - New Testament

Paul the Apostle - conversion to Christianity, writes most of the New Testament

St. Augustine - first Christian philosopher

Status in Heaven, compassion for the poor, Holy Bible, sacraments, and moral life

Spread of New Testament through churches was efficient and organized

Conversion of Constantine, became official religion, supremacy of the pope

Christianity Origins

Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden

Temptation by Satan

Tree / Apple - knowledge of good and evil

Abraham, the promised Messiah - Jesus

born to Virgin Mary, lives a sinless life, willingly sacrifices himself for the atonement of the sins of mankind, 3 days later Jesus resurrects and opens Heaven for those who believe in him

The Rise of Islam

Muhammad had a revelation about monotheism (one God - Allah)

Medina Compact - oath of loyalty

The Koran - center for conduct

Theocracy - government based on religion

Economic trading system tied to military expansion

Battle of Tours (fight. to stop expansion of Islam through Europe)

Five Pillars of Islam

1. No God but Allah

2. Daily prayer - 5 times toward Mecca

3. Fasting during Ramadan

4. Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca at least once

5. Giving alms - charity

Renaissance

developed in 14th century Italy - influence of Greece and Romans

moving away from just religion and shifting to thinking philosophically

secular society - government independent of religion

literature, humanism, individualism

Machiavelli - the Prince

Leonardo Di Vinci - painter, inventor, designed military weapons and technology

The Reformation

dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church, influence of humanism, printing press allowed mass communication, sale of indulgences by the church

Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses - split in Catholic Church

Protestant Church - protesting the current Catholic Church

Calvinism - bare bones of Catholicism, predestined

going back to a Theocracy - king of England Henry VIII becomes head of the Church

Anglican Church established by Elizabeth I - American colonists

Counter Reformation

attempt to halt the spread of Protestantism

Jesuits - official Catholic response to the Reformation, initiated missionary and educational programs

Effects of the Reformation

modern nationalism

authority of the state

strengthening of the middle class - become American colonists

scientific revolution - Copernicus (heliocentric universe), Galileo (astronomy), Issac Newton (laws of motion), the scientific method

The Enlightenment

Age of Reason

focus on scientific ideals and questioning authority

“life, liberty, and possessions” - John Locke

Aztec

MesoAmerica 1300-1400’s

Expanded Mayan system of hydraulic agriculture - drained swamps, created artificial islands

Waged war for tribute and victims for sacrifices

Warrior emperor chosen by nobles and priests

Measured time - calendar

Polytheistic religion - built temples and pyramids to the sun

defeated by the Spanish, smallpox, influenza, and measles

Inca

Andean Highland 1400s-1500s

children of the sun, coastal area of Peru and Chile

advanced engineering and terraced slopes for agriculture

common language

theocracy - worshipped Inti (sun)

surgery, metal work, astronomy, geometry, geography, mapping. book keeping

civil war - 1532 Spanish arrived

Maya

Coastal Mexico 250-900AD

Greeks of the New World

highly developed art, sculpted glyphs and carvings

written language, solar calendar, and numerals

advanced astronomy, pyramids, and temples

war and human sacrifices

disappeared around 900 AD