Sensory Perception and Oxygenation

Reception

the process of receiving stimuli through sensory receptors

perception

organization and interpretation of sensory input by the brain

perception

involves the cnscious organization and translation of the data or stimuli into meaningful information

rods and cones

what are the sensory receptor in the eyes

external and internal stimuli

what are the two types of stimuli

visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile

what are the external stimuli

visceral, kinesthetic, gustatory

what are the internal stimuli

stimulus, receptor, impulse conduction and perception

what are the 4 aspects of the sensory process

stimulus

an agent that stimulates a nerve receptor

receptor

a nerve cell that converts stimulus to a nerve impulse

impulse conduction

the impulse travels along nerve pathways to the brain or spinal cord for interpretation

pons and medulla oblongata

what are your respiratory centers

perception

specialized brain cells interpret the nature and quality of the sensory stimuli

reticular activating system, sensoristasis, awareness

what are the arousal mechanisms

reticular activating system

mediates/facilitates arousal

reticular excitatory area

type of RAS: promotes wakefulness

reticular inhibitory area

type of RAS: promotes sleep

sensoristasis

optimal state of arousal (neither too much or too little stimulation)

awareness

the ability to perceive internal and external stimuli and respond appropriately through thought and action

full consciousness

state/level of awareness:

alert, orientedm understanding the environment

disoriented

state/level of awareness:

not oriented to time, place and person

confused

state/level of awareness:

reduced awareness, easily bewildered, poor memory, misinterprets stimuli, impaired judgment

somnolent

state/level of awareness:

extreme drowsiness but responsive to the stimuli

semi-comatose

state/level of awareness:

only respons to painful stimulu

coma

state/level of awareness:

no response to stimuli, although hearing may still be intact

developmental stage, culture, medications, stress, lifestyle and personlity

what are the factors affecting sensory function

sensory deprivation

sensory alteration that lacks meaningful sensory stimuli

sensory overload

sensory alteration: inability to manage the amount of sensory stimuli:

- increased internal stimuli
- increased external stimuli
- inability to selectively ignore stimuli

presbyopia

visual deficit:

age-related difficulty focusing on near objects

cataract

visual deficit:

opacity of the lens

computer vision syndrome

visual deficit:

eye strain from prolonged screen exposure

dry eyes

visual deficit

decreased tear production

glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure leading to optic nerve damage

diabetic retinopathy

visual deficit:

damage to the retina’s blood vessels

macular degeneration

visual deficit:

loss of central vision

presbycusis

age-related hearing loss (permanent)

cerumen (earwax) accumulation

hearing deficit

can block hearing

dizziness and disequilibrium

balance deficit:

common is vestibular disorders

Peripheral neuropathy

neurological deficits:

numbness, tingling

stroke

neurological deficits:

may cause loss of sensaiton, speech, bladder control depending on type

routine health exams
regular eye exams
seeks early medical attention
immunizatins
use protective equipment

preventing sensory disturbances

oxygen

critical for cell processes

carbon dioxide

by product of cellular-metabolism and plays a role in acid-base baalnce

hematologic, cardiovascular and respiratory

what are the 3 related systems in oxygenation

hematologic

blood health important for oxygen transport

cardiovascular

heart pumps oxygenated blood

respiratory

lungs bring oxygen in and remove co2

ventilation

component of respiration: air movement in and out of lungs

systemic diffusion

component of respiration:

exchange between capillaries and tissues

pulmonary ventilation, alveolar gas exchange, transport of gases, systemic diffusion

four pulmonary processes

pulmonary ventilation

inhalation and exhalation that depends on:

clear airways
intact cns and respiratory center
intact thoracic cavity
pulmonary compliance

tidal volume

s the amount of air you breathe in or out during a normal, relaxed breath

alveolar gas exchange

diffusion from areas of higer to lower concentration

cardiac output, number of RBC and hgb level

factors influecing transport

34-47%

normal hematocrit level for females

40-54%

normal hematocrit level for females

systemic diffusion

exchange of oxygen and co2 between blood and tissues

age, environment, lifestyle, health status, medications, stress

waht are the factors affecting respiratory function

alveolar-capillary gas exchange transport

component of respiration that focuses on the movement of o2 and co2 via blood

stridor

high pitched harsh sound on inspiration

complete obstruction

no speaking, severe effort to breathe

partial obstruction

snoring sounds

eupnea

normal brathing; quiet and effortless

tachypnea

rapid breathing (fever, acidosis)

bradynpea

slow breathing (sedatives, high brain pressure)

apnea

absence of breathing

orthopnea

difficulty breathing unless sitting upright

dyspnea

difficulty breathing (nasal flaring, cyanosis and sweating)

semi-fowler, high fowler or orthopneic position

nurse interventions to maintain respiration: positioning

myocardial infarction

heart cant pump enough blood therefore decreased cardiac output

atherosclerosis

narrowed vessels cause less blood flow

anemia

blood loss, iron/folic acid defiency

hypoxia

low oxygen in tissues

hypovolemia

low blood volume

hypoxemia

low oxygen in blood