APUSH Chapter 3

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105 Terms

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Washington Presidency
He shaped the role: set boundaries
Elected unanimously twice
Cabinet system: A small team of advisors to aid his decisions
2 terms
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What did Washington do?
HE PROVIDED STABILITY
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Washington's Cabinet
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
VP: John Adams
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Hamilton's Vision
Strong central gov
Becoming an Industrial nation to help globalize
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Hamilton Supporters
Banks, businesses, and wealthy people
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Jefferson's Vision
Thinks that central gov is tyranny waiting to happen
STATES RIGHTS> federal gov
Opposed Hamilton in every way
Vision: Society of small farmers
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Political Parties
Federalists: 1st organized party
Democratic-Republicans
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Hamilton: Constitutional Considerations
Loose Interpretation
Focus on what is permitted rather than restricted
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Jefferson: Constitutional Considerations
Strict Interpretation
Focus on what is restricted rather than permitted
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Necessary and Proper Clause
What Hamilton used for justifying loose interpretation
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Hamilton's Financial Plan
Objective 1: Strengthen National Credit-provides unity
Objective 2: Raise Revenue to pay Revolutionary War debts
Objective 3: Proposed BANK OF US
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How does Hamilton raise revenue?
1. Develop a national currency
2. Put tariffs on foreign items
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Why does Hamilton want to pay back the Revolutionary War dept?
He says that it sets the precedent for other nations to trust them: Helps them engage in trade
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Washington Abroad
1. Proclamation of Neutrality(1793)
2. Jay's Treaty (1794)
3. Pinckney's Treaty(1795)
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Proclamation of Neutrality: Hamilton
Hamilton said that they should not support the French because they only agreed to help the old French government in the war, not the revolution.
Federalists support him
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Proclamation of Neutrality: Jefferson
He thinks that we should repay them for helping the U.S; He's sympathetic
Gets support from the Democratic Republicans
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Jay’s Treaty
Between America and Britain
Tanked his reputation because it’s an agreement with Britain
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Jay’s Treaty causes: Britain
Impressed U.S sailors
Occupied forts on U.S territory
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Jay’s Treaty Causes: America
Harassed former Loyalists
Didn’t pay back war debts
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Pinckney’s Treaty Cause
Spain was scared of the U.S and Britain treaty
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Pinckney’s Treaty Effect
Spain gave America everything they wanted
ALLOWED THEM TO TAKE GOODS DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
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Whiskey Rebellion
Excise tax angers farmers: makes them tar and feather tax collectors
Washington sends army to Massachusetts; no deaths
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Whiskey Rebellion Impact
Teaches people that they have the right to protest, not revolt. If they want to change a law, they can vote.
Tax sticked around
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Washington's Farewell
Printed on newspaper; Warned the nation of 3 problems
1. Political parties-Warned against them: said it was disunity
2. Sectionalism-Avoids being together
3. Foreign Entanglement: Doesn't like permanent alliances
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John Adams
Doesn't get same support as Washington; made fun of for being bald and short
XYZ Affair
Trio of Acts
1. Alien
2.Sedition
3.Naturalization
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XYZ Affair
France impressing U.S vessels
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Trio of Acts
1. Alien-deport or detain any “alien” deemed dangerous
2.Sedition-limit criticism of president and congress
3.Naturalization-14 years for alien to become citizen
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Jefferson Strikes back
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
-The nullification omen
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Election of 1800
Jefferson (DR), Burr (DR), Adams (F)
Whispering Campaign- Rumors spread to chip away at each candidate's reputation
Tie decided by House of Reps.
-People listened to what Hamilton said: He endorsed Jefferson
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Revolution of 1800
Smooth transfer of power to Jefferson
First party transfer
Repeal, Replace, Reduce, Restraint
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Repeal
Excise taxes, especially on whiskey
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Replace
Laws that he didn't like; 5 years instead of 14 to become a citizen from an immigrant
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Reduce
Reduce size of the military to save money
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Restraint
Jefferson keeps most of the laws made by Adams and Washington
UPHOLDS NEUTRALITY
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Louisiana Purchase
France wants out of America
Jefferson spends 15 million on all of French America
Adds 1/3 of U.S
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Jefferson's dilemma
Nothing in the Constitution said he could buy land
Follows loose interpretation to justify himself
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Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
Goals: science, commercial, and diplomatic
Diplomatic: Tells Lewis and Clark to establish good relationships
Commercial: Money
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Jefferson's 2nd Term
Easy win in 1804
Napoleonic Wars
-More ocean trouble
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)
-Caused Embargo Act of 1807
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Embargo Act of 1807
A trade ban on ALL FOREIGN GOODS
Raises American production
Reminds people that America is a young nation
FULLY ISOLATED THE US
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The Marshall Court
Adams’ “Midnight judges”
-Dem-Reps cry foul
Chief Justice John Marshall
“Washington of the Supreme Court”
LAST THING FEDERALISTS DO
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James Madison
Jefferson’s pick in 1808 election
Starts War
Nonintercourse Act(1809)
Macon’s Bill #2
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Nonintercourse Act of 1809
Said that the U.S would not trade with or interfere in Napoleons wars betweeen Britain and France
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Macon’s Bill No. 2
U.S said that they would lift embargo on either Britain or France depending on who stopped impressing U.S Vessels
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Macon’s Bill No.2: Napoleon
Says that he will stop impressing vessels- U.S lifts embargo

Didn’t stop impressing vessels- Backfired on U.S.
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Madison War Causes

Impressment
National honor
Native Americans
Desire for Canada
War Hawks
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Madison War Effects

Treaty of Ghent
Surging nationalism
Int. respect too
Rise in Industry
POINTLESS WAR
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Treaty of Ghent
Basically restored the territory of U.S and Canada to what it was before. The status quo stays the same
Leads to demilitarization of Great Lakes
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international respect
Other countries respected them; Trade grew as a result
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Federalist Fallout
Hartford Convention: Radical Federalists call for succession
Federalism seen as unpatriotic
Don’t win elextions anymore
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James Monroe
Last founding father president
DR: “Era of Good Feelings”
Was lieutenant in Continental Army
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Era of Good Feelings
No political disputes because the Democratic Republicans were the only prominent party; undisputed power
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Threats to National Inity
Slavery: Allowed or not in new territories?
Missouri
Tallmadge Amendment
Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise (1820)
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Tallmadge Amendment
Slavery stopped in Missouri; phased out
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Missouri Compromise
an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories.

West of the Missouri=No slavery
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Nationalism and Foreign Policy
Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
Treaty of 1818
Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
Deals with demilitarizing the Great Lakes; limits the navy on them for US and UK
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Treaty of 1818
Formalizes border between U.S and Canada
U.S and UK both give some land
Agree to joint management of the Oregon territory for economy
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Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)
Bought Florida
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Monroe Doctrine
American foreign policy that tells European powers that they can't colonize North and South America anymore.
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Monroe Doctrine Impact
Symbolic of the U.S growing up. British help them regulate it.
They start to develop some influence
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Market Revolution
linking regional industries together → massive economic gain
All support each other
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Regional economies shift:
INTERCONNECTED
SPECIALIZED: North=manufacturing, West=food crops, South=cotton/ cash crops
BIGGER: Sectors can grow because they have ability to focus on one thing
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Transportation
Taking goods to market, taking materials to factories, taking workings to both
Roads, Canals, Steamships, Railroads
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Roads
Cumberland Road (1850)-First interstate road to be fully paved; From Maryland to Illinois
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Canals
-Erie Canal (1825): 1st Canal; From Buntalk NY to Albany NY
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Steamships
-Two-way travel
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Railroads
Started becoming prominent in late 1800s
-Much faster
-Reason for Western Development
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Increasing Population for Cheap Labor
High birth rates
a new wave of immigrants
Consequences
-Cheap labor
-Nativism
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High birth rates
Cheap, realistic prices on food allow for stability
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new wave of immigrants
Mostly Irish people and Germans immigrating
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Consequences
Cheap Labor-Factory owners love it, workers hate it
Nativism: Creates anti-immigrant ppl bc ppl don't want to lose their job\
Irish Catholics hated the most
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Under One Roof
Factory System
All elements of production under one roof
-peak efficiency
Poor working conditions
-long days, no labor laws, etc.
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Mother Government
Patent Office
-Encourages innovators to make builders motivated
Limited Liability
-Corporations appear; makes investing safer- only responsible for your share
Tariff of 1816
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Tariff of 1816
Purpose is to protect U.S industry by preventing the purchase of foreign goods
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Market Impact
Social/economic classes established
Labor Unions
-Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842)
Women
-Cult of Domesticity
Slavery solidified
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Social/economic classes
Everyone makes money, some a lot more than others; the rich get richer
Wealth Gap rises
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Labor Unions
Become legal as long as they are peaceful
-Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842): Supreme Court finally allows labor Unions
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Women
Cult of Domesticity
-Idea that women should stay inside: is best suited for household/traditional activities
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Slavery solidified
Industrialization causes the profitableness of cotton to rise
Southerners couldn't give it up: too integral to the economy
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Era of the Common Man
Politics for every(white)one
-No more property qualification
“King Caucus” → party conventions
Popular president election-Many ppl run
Two-Party system return- Other competitive parties
Popular campaigns: door to door, etc.

Voting Numbers
-350,000 votes for 1824 pres.; 2.4 mil by 1840
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Election of 1824
Adams v. Jackson v. Clay v. Crawford
Campaigns on reputation
No majority → House of Rep. tie breaker
“Corrupt Bargain”
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Corrupt Bargain
John Quincy Adams gets support from Clay
-In turn, Clay becomes secretary of state
Jackson supporters furious- think that he got robbed/ shouldn't be legal to do that
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Election of 1828
Modern Mudslinging- Candidates roasting the shit out of each other
Jackson Wins
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Andrew Jackson
Spoils System- government jobs for loyal party members
“Kitchen cabinet”
Peggy Eaton Affair
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Peggy Eaton Affair
Not fit as a “cabinet wife”
-Defended by Jackson, ostracized by wives of his cabinet
-Cabinet resigns
-VP Calhoun becomes national anti-Jackson figure
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Tariff of Abominations
Tariff of 1828 - South hated
South Carolina Exposition
-Unconstitutional and nullifiable
Jackson responds
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Jackson's Response
Force Bill: He goes into SC and uses military strength to make them stop nullifying the tariffs

Tariff of 1883: Tariff price reduced to a more agreeable amount
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Democrats
New Political Party
Limited gov.
Free trade (no tariffs)

Support: South, West, farmers, urban workers
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Whigs
New Political Party
Tariffs, gov. spending on improvements, banks

Support: New England, middle and upper-class urbanites
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West benefis
Presented opportunity: economy and nationalism
More people, more money, more growth
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Westward Expansion: Positive Perspective
Manifest Destiny
-Americans are special → race: Think that they are bringing freedom
-Divine purpose of U.S. → religion
-Expand democracy → superiority: Not democratic=lesser
Quest for land and ideals are combined
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Westward Expansion: Negative Perspective
Native American lands stolen
American South → “Five Civilized Tribes”: Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole
-Indian Removal Act (1830)
--Trail of Tears
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Indian Removal Act (1830)
Indians need to either move West and keep their culture or stay on their native land and blend into American culture.
Trail of Tears: Cherokee
-Big part of Jackson's presidency
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Religion
Second Great Awakening
-Reaction to Enlightenment Era

1. Prespytarian → Upstate New York
-“New Measures”
-Hard work
2. Methodist and Baptist → South
-Camp Meetings
3. Mormons → West NY to Utah
-Unique America religion
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Methodist and Baptist
Camp meetings brought thousands
Music and singing and overwhelming religiosity
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Mormons
1830 Joseph Smith founds religion and is murdered; Brigham Young leads them to Utah to avoid persecution from US gov.
-Place USA on divine pedestal; Biblical promise land; Constitution result of divine inspiration
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Culture
Transcendentalism → Look inward for answers; society corrupts
-Individualistic, self-reliance, independent thinker
Ralph Waldo Emerson
-Forget Europe
Henry David Thoreau
-“Walden”
-“On Civil Disobedience”
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Transcendentalism
Look inward for answers; society corrupts
- the origin of American individualism: Original New England philosophy
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
Forget Europe- read American literature about American themes
-Promotes nationalism
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Henry David Thoreau
Walden → lives in the woods for two years; simple living and self-reliance; creates appreciation for nature
On Civil Disobedience → Fighting for what is moral, not legal