APUSH Chapter 3

Washington Presidency

He shaped the role: set boundaries
Elected unanimously twice
Cabinet system: A small team of advisors to aid his decisions
2 terms

What did Washington do?

HE PROVIDED STABILITY

Washington's Cabinet

Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
VP: John Adams

Hamilton's Vision

Strong central gov
Becoming an Industrial nation to help globalize

Hamilton Supporters

Banks, businesses, and wealthy people

Jefferson's Vision

Thinks that central gov is tyranny waiting to happen
STATES RIGHTS> federal gov
Opposed Hamilton in every way
Vision: Society of small farmers

Political Parties

Federalists: 1st organized party
Democratic-Republicans

Hamilton: Constitutional Considerations

Loose Interpretation
Focus on what is permitted rather than restricted

Jefferson: Constitutional Considerations

Strict Interpretation
Focus on what is restricted rather than permitted

Necessary and Proper Clause

What Hamilton used for justifying loose interpretation

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Objective 1: Strengthen National Credit-provides unity
Objective 2: Raise Revenue to pay Revolutionary War debts
Objective 3: Proposed BANK OF US

How does Hamilton raise revenue?

1. Develop a national currency
2. Put tariffs on foreign items

Why does Hamilton want to pay back the Revolutionary War dept?

He says that it sets the precedent for other nations to trust them: Helps them engage in trade

Washington Abroad

1. Proclamation of Neutrality(1793)
2. Jay's Treaty (1794)
3. Pinckney's Treaty(1795)

Proclamation of Neutrality: Hamilton

Hamilton said that they should not support the French because they only agreed to help the old French government in the war, not the revolution.
Federalists support him

Proclamation of Neutrality: Jefferson

He thinks that we should repay them for helping the U.S; He's sympathetic
Gets support from the Democratic Republicans

Jay’s Treaty

Between America and Britain
Tanked his reputation because it’s an agreement with Britain

Jay’s Treaty causes: Britain

Impressed U.S sailors
Occupied forts on U.S territory

Jay’s Treaty Causes: America

Harassed former Loyalists
Didn’t pay back war debts

Pinckney’s Treaty Cause

Spain was scared of the U.S and Britain treaty

Pinckney’s Treaty Effect

Spain gave America everything they wanted
ALLOWED THEM TO TAKE GOODS DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

Whiskey Rebellion

Excise tax angers farmers: makes them tar and feather tax collectors
Washington sends army to Massachusetts; no deaths

Whiskey Rebellion Impact

Teaches people that they have the right to protest, not revolt. If they want to change a law, they can vote.
Tax sticked around

Washington's Farewell

Printed on newspaper; Warned the nation of 3 problems
1. Political parties-Warned against them: said it was disunity
2. Sectionalism-Avoids being together
3. Foreign Entanglement: Doesn't like permanent alliances

John Adams

Doesn't get same support as Washington; made fun of for being bald and short
XYZ Affair
Trio of Acts
1. Alien
2.Sedition
3.Naturalization

XYZ Affair

France impressing U.S vessels

Trio of Acts

1. Alien-deport or detain any “alien” deemed dangerous
2.Sedition-limit criticism of president and congress
3.Naturalization-14 years for alien to become citizen

Jefferson Strikes back

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
-The nullification omen

Election of 1800

Jefferson (DR), Burr (DR), Adams (F)
Whispering Campaign- Rumors spread to chip away at each candidate's reputation
Tie decided by House of Reps.
-People listened to what Hamilton said: He endorsed Jefferson

Revolution of 1800

Smooth transfer of power to Jefferson
First party transfer
Repeal, Replace, Reduce, Restraint

Repeal

Excise taxes, especially on whiskey

Replace

Laws that he didn't like; 5 years instead of 14 to become a citizen from an immigrant

Reduce

Reduce size of the military to save money

Restraint

Jefferson keeps most of the laws made by Adams and Washington
UPHOLDS NEUTRALITY

Louisiana Purchase

France wants out of America
Jefferson spends 15 million on all of French America
Adds 1/3 of U.S

Jefferson's dilemma

Nothing in the Constitution said he could buy land
Follows loose interpretation to justify himself

Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
Goals: science, commercial, and diplomatic
Diplomatic: Tells Lewis and Clark to establish good relationships
Commercial: Money

Jefferson's 2nd Term

Easy win in 1804
Napoleonic Wars
-More ocean trouble
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)
-Caused Embargo Act of 1807

Embargo Act of 1807

A trade ban on ALL FOREIGN GOODS
Raises American production
Reminds people that America is a young nation
FULLY ISOLATED THE US

The Marshall Court

Adams’ “Midnight judges”
-Dem-Reps cry foul
Chief Justice John Marshall
“Washington of the Supreme Court”
LAST THING FEDERALISTS DO

James Madison

Jefferson’s pick in 1808 election
Starts War
Nonintercourse Act(1809)
Macon’s Bill #2

Nonintercourse Act of 1809

Said that the U.S would not trade with or interfere in Napoleons wars betweeen Britain and France

Macon’s Bill No. 2

U.S said that they would lift embargo on either Britain or France depending on who stopped impressing U.S Vessels

Macon’s Bill No.2: Napoleon

Says that he will stop impressing vessels- U.S lifts embargo

Didn’t stop impressing vessels- Backfired on U.S.

Madison War Causes

Impressment
National honor
Native Americans
Desire for Canada
War Hawks

Madison War Effects

Treaty of Ghent
Surging nationalism
Int. respect too
Rise in Industry
POINTLESS WAR

Treaty of Ghent

Basically restored the territory of U.S and Canada to what it was before. The status quo stays the same
Leads to demilitarization of Great Lakes

international respect

Other countries respected them; Trade grew as a result

Federalist Fallout

Hartford Convention: Radical Federalists call for succession
Federalism seen as unpatriotic
Don’t win elextions anymore

James Monroe

Last founding father president
DR: “Era of Good Feelings”
Was lieutenant in Continental Army

Era of Good Feelings

No political disputes because the Democratic Republicans were the only prominent party; undisputed power

Threats to National Inity

Slavery: Allowed or not in new territories?
Missouri
Tallmadge Amendment
Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise (1820)

Tallmadge Amendment

Slavery stopped in Missouri; phased out

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories.

West of the Missouri=No slavery

Nationalism and Foreign Policy

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
Treaty of 1818
Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Deals with demilitarizing the Great Lakes; limits the navy on them for US and UK

Treaty of 1818

Formalizes border between U.S and Canada
U.S and UK both give some land
Agree to joint management of the Oregon territory for economy

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Bought Florida

Monroe Doctrine

American foreign policy that tells European powers that they can't colonize North and South America anymore.

Monroe Doctrine Impact

Symbolic of the U.S growing up. British help them regulate it.
They start to develop some influence

Market Revolution

linking regional industries together → massive economic gain
All support each other

Regional economies shift:

INTERCONNECTED
SPECIALIZED: North=manufacturing, West=food crops, South=cotton/ cash crops
BIGGER: Sectors can grow because they have ability to focus on one thing

Transportation

Taking goods to market, taking materials to factories, taking workings to both
Roads, Canals, Steamships, Railroads

Roads

Cumberland Road (1850)-First interstate road to be fully paved; From Maryland to Illinois

Canals

-Erie Canal (1825): 1st Canal; From Buntalk NY to Albany NY

Steamships

-Two-way travel

Railroads

Started becoming prominent in late 1800s
-Much faster
-Reason for Western Development

Increasing Population for Cheap Labor

High birth rates
a new wave of immigrants
Consequences
-Cheap labor
-Nativism

High birth rates

Cheap, realistic prices on food allow for stability

new wave of immigrants

Mostly Irish people and Germans immigrating

Consequences

Cheap Labor-Factory owners love it, workers hate it
Nativism: Creates anti-immigrant ppl bc ppl don't want to lose their job\
Irish Catholics hated the most

Under One Roof

Factory System
All elements of production under one roof
-peak efficiency
Poor working conditions
-long days, no labor laws, etc.

Mother Government

Patent Office
-Encourages innovators to make builders motivated
Limited Liability
-Corporations appear; makes investing safer- only responsible for your share
Tariff of 1816

Tariff of 1816

Purpose is to protect U.S industry by preventing the purchase of foreign goods

Market Impact

Social/economic classes established
Labor Unions
-Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842)
Women
-Cult of Domesticity
Slavery solidified

Social/economic classes

Everyone makes money, some a lot more than others; the rich get richer
Wealth Gap rises

Labor Unions

Become legal as long as they are peaceful
-Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842): Supreme Court finally allows labor Unions

Women

Cult of Domesticity
-Idea that women should stay inside: is best suited for household/traditional activities

Slavery solidified

Industrialization causes the profitableness of cotton to rise
Southerners couldn't give it up: too integral to the economy

Era of the Common Man

Politics for every(white)one
-No more property qualification
“King Caucus” → party conventions
Popular president election-Many ppl run
Two-Party system return- Other competitive parties
Popular campaigns: door to door, etc.

Voting Numbers
-350,000 votes for 1824 pres.; 2.4 mil by 1840

Election of 1824

Adams v. Jackson v. Clay v. Crawford
Campaigns on reputation
No majority → House of Rep. tie breaker
“Corrupt Bargain”

Corrupt Bargain

John Quincy Adams gets support from Clay
-In turn, Clay becomes secretary of state
Jackson supporters furious- think that he got robbed/ shouldn't be legal to do that

Election of 1828

Modern Mudslinging- Candidates roasting the shit out of each other
Jackson Wins

Andrew Jackson

Spoils System- government jobs for loyal party members
“Kitchen cabinet”
Peggy Eaton Affair

Peggy Eaton Affair

Not fit as a “cabinet wife”
-Defended by Jackson, ostracized by wives of his cabinet
-Cabinet resigns
-VP Calhoun becomes national anti-Jackson figure

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff of 1828 - South hated
South Carolina Exposition
-Unconstitutional and nullifiable
Jackson responds

Jackson's Response

Force Bill: He goes into SC and uses military strength to make them stop nullifying the tariffs

Tariff of 1883: Tariff price reduced to a more agreeable amount

Democrats

New Political Party
Limited gov.
Free trade (no tariffs)

Support: South, West, farmers, urban workers

Whigs

New Political Party
Tariffs, gov. spending on improvements, banks

Support: New England, middle and upper-class urbanites

West benefis

Presented opportunity: economy and nationalism
More people, more money, more growth

Westward Expansion: Positive Perspective

Manifest Destiny
-Americans are special → race: Think that they are bringing freedom
-Divine purpose of U.S. → religion
-Expand democracy → superiority: Not democratic=lesser
Quest for land and ideals are combined

Westward Expansion: Negative Perspective

Native American lands stolen
American South → “Five Civilized Tribes”: Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole
-Indian Removal Act (1830)
--Trail of Tears

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Indians need to either move West and keep their culture or stay on their native land and blend into American culture.
Trail of Tears: Cherokee
-Big part of Jackson's presidency

Religion

Second Great Awakening
-Reaction to Enlightenment Era

1. Prespytarian → Upstate New York
-“New Measures”
-Hard work
2. Methodist and Baptist → South
-Camp Meetings
3. Mormons → West NY to Utah
-Unique America religion

Methodist and Baptist

Camp meetings brought thousands
Music and singing and overwhelming religiosity

Mormons

1830 Joseph Smith founds religion and is murdered; Brigham Young leads them to Utah to avoid persecution from US gov.
-Place USA on divine pedestal; Biblical promise land; Constitution result of divine inspiration

Culture

Transcendentalism → Look inward for answers; society corrupts
-Individualistic, self-reliance, independent thinker
Ralph Waldo Emerson
-Forget Europe
Henry David Thoreau
-“Walden”
-“On Civil Disobedience”

Transcendentalism

Look inward for answers; society corrupts
- the origin of American individualism: Original New England philosophy

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Forget Europe- read American literature about American themes
-Promotes nationalism

Henry David Thoreau

Walden → lives in the woods for two years; simple living and self-reliance; creates appreciation for nature
On Civil Disobedience → Fighting for what is moral, not legal