AP Euro Wars of Religion

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Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1494-1559)

Political dynastic wars fought between France and the Holy Roman Empire all over Europe.

Concordat of Bologna

Agreement giving French kings control over appointment and policies of church officials

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that was hoping to resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties

War of 3 Henries

civil war between Henry III of France (Royalists); Henry IV of Navarre (Huguenots), and Henry of Guise (Catholics); Henry IV won. Henry Navarre won making the Bourbon family dominant.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Council of Blood

created by the Duke of Alba, Spanish governor of the Netherlands, in 1567. The job of this Council was to try cases of suspected treason committed by Protestant rebels against the Catholic government imposed by Spain.

Dutch Republic

declared its independence from the Spanish Netherlands in the late 16th century. It established the Bank of Amsterdam and became the leading financial center on the Continent.

Elizabethan Settlement (1559)

Repealed Mary I's Catholic legislation; Parliament issued a Second Act of Supremacy that re-established Anglican independence from Rome and conferred on Elizabeth the title "Supreme Governor of the Church of England"; Elizabeth's religious settlement was basically Protestant, but it was a moderate Protestantism that avoided overly subtle distinctions and extremes.

Spanish Armada (1588)

Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.

Defenestration of Prague

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1. Ended the Thirty Years' War

2. Recognized Calvinism as a legally permissible faith

3. Recognized the sovereign independent authority of over 300 German states

4. Continued the political fragmentation of the HRE

5. Granted Sweden additional territory, confirming its status as a major power

6. Acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands

military revolution

Advances in military technology led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elaborate fortifications, all financed by heavier taxation and requiring a larger bureaucracy. Technology, tactics, and strategies tipped the balance of power toward states able to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment i.e. Spain, Sweden and France benefitted

The Thirty Years War

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.

Phillip II

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England; he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. "The Most Catholic King"