Brain bee practice 3

Approximately how many neurons does the brain contain?

100 billion

Name the device that measures brain waves?

Electroencephalograph

Prozac relieves symptoms of depression by affecting which neurotransmitter?

Serotonin

The Greek word for the branches of a tree give us the name of what part of a neuron?

Dendrites

Name the surgical procedure that destroys part of the basal ganglia and helps Parkinson's patients.

Pallidotomy

The biological clock is located in what part of the brain?

Hypothalamus

Name a brain disorder named after a famous baseball player.

Lou Gehrig's disease

Name the peptide that accumulates in the senile plaques of brains of Alzheimer's patients.

Beta-Amyloid

What chromosome is altered to cause Huntington's disease?

Four

The abbreviation PET stands for what brain imaging technique?

Positron Emission Tomography

What do netrins and semaphorins do?

They are signaling molecules that guide the growth cones of axons during development

Name a cognitive disorder associated with chronic alcoholism.

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Electric convulsive therapy is used to treat what brain disorder?

depression or major depression

In what lobe of the cerebral cortex is the hippocampus located?

Temporal lobe

Huntington's chorea is characterized by the depletion of what neurotransmitter?

GABA

What do you call the chemicals that support the survival of distant groups of neurons?

trophic factors

What do you call brain peptides that block pain and cause sleepiness?

Opioids

Give the correct name, other than pain receptor, for the receptors that respond to tissue damaging stimuli.

nociceptors

Where do optic nerve fibers from the eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain?

optic chiasma

Stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, does what to the blood flow of the voluntary muscle?

increases it

Name the genetic syndrome, more common in men, characterized by repetitive motor and vocal tics?

Tourettes

During what period of sleep do we almost come completely paralyzed?

REM sleep

Name the receptors in muscles that must be stimulated in order to activate the stretch reflects.

muscle spindles

Which of the two types of photoreceptor cells is more sensitive to light?

rods

What kind of memory depends on the amygdala?

emotional memory

Name the syndrome where the switching mechanism for REM sleep does not work properly.

narcolepsy

Corticotropin releasing factor is released from what part of the brain?

hypothalamus

On a daily basis, when do cortisol levels peak in the body?

In the morning

What do you call the receptor cells that stimulate the auditory nerve?

hair cells

If your hippocampus and your adjacent brain areas are destroyed, what can't you do?

Can't convert long term memories.

To what side of the cerebral cortex does the left half of the visual field project?

right side

Name the enzyme that induces the conversion of ATP to cyclic amp

adenylate cyclase

During development, neurons migrate from the neural tube's inner surface, or ventricular surface, to where?

outer surface

What imaging technique provides a high quality image of organs and structures without radiation?

MRI

What does the imaging technique PET measure?

blood flow and energy

Name one non-genetic factor increases the risk of Alzheimer's

high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity

What are the two types of epilepsies?

partial and generalized

True of false? Severe and progressive mental decline is a normal part of aging

false

Which lobe (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital) is responsible for problem solving, thinking, planning, and self-control?

frontal

The three main parts of a neuron are the cell body, dendrites, and ?

axon

What neurotransmitter is used at the junction between motor neurons and the muscle during voluntary movements?

acetlycholine

What is the brain region that contains orexin neurons and is important in regulating the sleep cycle?

hypothalamus

During the process of "paring back" in development many neurons die through programmed cell death. What is the term for programmed cell death?

apoptosis

Which layer (of the three) during early embryonic development becomes the nervous system?

ectoderm

People with Parkinson's disease have a deficit in neurons that use what neurotransmitter?

dopamine

Name the receptor that nicotine, the addicting agent in tobacco, acts on.

acetylcholine receptor

What is the most common disease that causes dementia?

Alzheimer's

What brain region that looks like a cauliflower is important for coordinating, adjusting, and learning skilled movements?

cerebellum

What neurotransmitters do current ADHD medications target?

Catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine)

Lithium is a drug that has a mood-stabilizing effect and has been used successfully to treat what disorder?

Bipolar disorder

The chemical messengers that are released from a nerve terminal at a synapse are called what?

neurotransmitters

What does fMRI stand for?

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

H.M. is a famous patient. He could not form new memories of events because a certain part of his brain was removed. What part?

hippocampus

True or False?: The brain reward circuit can be activated by eating.

true

Netrin, semaphorin, and ephrin are examples of signaling molecules that help with what during brain development?

Neuronal migration

Lidocaine and Novocain are examples of local anesthetics that block pain by interfering with the actions of what ion channels in neurons? Name the ion channel.

Sodium channels

Neurotransmitters are stored in what cellular structure?

synaptic vesicles

In what stage of non-REM sleep are the brain waves the slowest and largest?

stage 4

What does epinephrine do to blood pressure?

increases

The striate cortex processes what kind of sensory information?

vision

The somatic nervous system innervates what type of muscle?

skeletal muscle

To which of the special senses does the human brain devote the most space?

vision

Where in the brain is most knowledge about events and facts stored?

cerebral cortex

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's natural defenses attack what substance in the CNS?

myelin

What is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Stargazer mice are experimental models for which type of epilepsy?

Partial epilepsy

What kind of molecules are netrins and semaphorins?

Guidance molecules

What does SSRI stand for?

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

What do you call programmed cell death induced by specialized biochemical pathways?

apoptosis

What do you call the 24 hour cycle of behavior or physiological change?

Circadian Rhythm

Name the disease of muscle acetylcholine receptors that causes muscle weakness.

Myasthenia gravis

What is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation in males?

Fragile X mental retardation

Name two hormones that are released in response to stress.

Cortisol, adrenaline (epinephrine), endorphins

Name the unmyelinated peripheral sensory fibers that mediate information about tissue damage.

C fibers

The loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia is an important factor in what neurological disease?

Parkinson's

In the 1950s, schizophrenia symptoms were mediated by which antipsychotic drug?

Chlorpromazine