Physical Geology - Chapter 2

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Mineral

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36 Terms

1

Mineral

A naturally accuring, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a specific chemical composition (pg.30)

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2

Atom

the smallest electronically neutral assemblies of energy and matter that we know exist in the universe (pg.32)

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3

Nucleus

The center of an atom that holds the protons and neutrons (pg.32)

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4

Protons

Positively charged element (pg.32)

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5

Neutrons

neutrally charged element (pg.32)

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6

Electrons

negatively charged element (pg.32)

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7

Atomic Number

An element is defined by the number of protons it has in its nucleus (pg.32)

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8

Atomic Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom (pg.33)

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9

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons and DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS (pg.33)

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10

Ion

An atom that has a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to the number of protons in its nucleus and therefore can be either positively or negatively charged (pg.33)

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11

Cation

A positively charges ion that has fewer electrons than protons (pg.33)

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12

Anion

A negatively charged ion that has more electron that protons. Also the most common bonding of minerals (pg.33)

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13

Ionic bonding

When atoms with different charges are attracted to one another (pg. 33)

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14

Convalent Bonding

Bonding in which adjacent atoms SHARE ELECTRONS (pg.34)

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15

Polymorphs

Minerals with the same composition but different crystalline structure (pg. 34)

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16

Metallic Bonding

Chemical bonding that results from the attraction between metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons (pg. 35)

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17

Silica

A term for oxygen combined with silicon (pg. 37)

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18

Silicates

A name for a mineral that contains silicon and usually one or more other elements. (pg.37)

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19

Silicon- Oxygen Tetrahedron

The basic building block for a crystal. This unit consist of 4 oxygen atoms packed together around a single much smaller silicon atom. (pg.37)

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20

Isolated Silicate Structure

Silicate minerals that are structured so that none of the oxygen atoms are shared by silica tetrahedrons. (pg.38)

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21

Chain Silicate Structure

Silicate structure in which two of each tetrahedron's oxygen ions are shared with adjacent tetrahedrons, resulting in a chain of tetrahedrons. (pg.39)

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22

Sheet Silicate Structure

When each tetrahedron shares 3 oxygen atoms to form a sheet. [Examples: Mica and clay] (pg.39)

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23

Framework Silicate Structure

When all four oxygen ions are shared by adjacent tetrahedron [Examples: Quarts] (pg.40)

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24

Ferromagnesian Minerals

Contain iron and magnesium, darker (either green or black) and heavier (pg.43)

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25

Streak

The color of the powder formed when a mineral is crushed. (pg.43)

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26

Luster

The quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral (pg.43)

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27

Metallic Luster

A type of luster that give an object the appearance of being metal. (pg.43)

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28

Nonmetallic Luster

A type of luster that doesn't give the appearance of being metal. Minerals with a nonmetallic luster are usually glassy, vitreous, pearly, earthy, silky, greasy (pg.43)

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29

Vitreous

(also called glassy) A type of luster that gives a substance the appearance of glass or porcelain. (pg.43)

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30

Earthy Luster

A type of luster that resembles unglazed pottery. (pg.43)

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31

Hardness

A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched (pg.43)

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32

Mohs' Hardness Scale

the standard scale measuring hardness of minerals using 10 minerals in their order of increasing hardness: talc = 1; diamond = 10 (pg.43)

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33

Crystal Form

The visible expression of a minerals internal arrangement of atoms (pg.45)

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34

Cleavage

A mineral's ability to split easily along flat (pg.47)

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35

Fracture

The way a substance breaks where not controlled by cleavage (pg.48)

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36

Striations

Straight parallel lines on the surface of one of the two cleavage directions

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