People and Society

Flashcards of: Topic 5 - Urban Features Topic 6 - Dynamic Development Topic 7 - UK in the 21st Century Topic 8 - Resource Analysis

World Cities

Hubs of the world economy and culturally significant, serving as command and control centers.

Centuries World Cities

• 14th - Bergen

• 17th to 18th - London, Amsterdam, Paris, Rome

• 19th - Berlin, Chicago, NYC, St. Petersburg

Megacities

Urban areas with over 10 million inhabitants, such as Tokyo, Delhi, and New York.

Push Factors

Reasons causing dissatisfaction with one's current location, like lack of job opportunities or freedom of speech.

Pull Factors

Factors attracting individuals to a new location, such as better job prospects or cultural similarities.

Urban Growth

Increasing migration to cities, particularly in Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDCs), due to natural increase and migration.

Rapid Urbanization

Swift urban growth impacting social life, education, and resources, as seen in cities like Accra, Ghana.

Rural-Urban Migration

Movement from rural areas to cities, exemplified by individuals relocating from the countryside to Mumbai.

Squatter Settlement

Informal housing lacking basic amenities, often found in large cities of LIDCs.

Internal Growth

City expansion due to natural population increase rather than migration.

Urban Trends

Various patterns in urban areas, including suburbanization, counter urbanization, and reurbanization.

Urban Planning

The organization of land use within a city to manage growth and development effectively.

Sub urbanization

Movement of people from urban to the outskirts of a city.

Counter Urbanization

Opposite of urbanization, people move from the city to the countryside, most commonly because of the push factors with urban environments. Such as pollution, congestion, lack of greenery, and high crime.

Reurbanization

People moving back into the city after the population declines.

Urban Planning

Planning the use of land in a city

Development

“More development” is when a country has more resources, better living standards, and a more overall desirable place to live.

AC, EDC, LIDC’s

Names used by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), 

AC

Advanced Countries, USA, France

EDC

Emerging and Developing Countries, India, Mexico

LIDC’s

Low Income Developing Countries, Ethiopia, Chad

GNI per capita

Gross National Income per person, Country income divided by the number of people in the country.

HDI

Human Development Index, measured by the UN, calculated using average life expectancy and level of education + income, for each country, measured from 0-1, higher = more developed.

IMF

Infant mortality rate, number of babies that died before the age of 1 per 1,000 live births.

DTM

Demographic Transition Model, 5 stages, shows how CBR (Crude birth rate), CDR (Crude Death Rate), and Natural Increase change over time as countries become more urbanized and industrialized.

Cycle of Debt

Ex. Europeans came to Africa and started sending Cocoa Beans back, customers in Europe bought beans from African farmers, and the economy in Europe influenced the market, if the market wasn't doing well people wouldn't buy extra things, when something happened in Europe it leaves the farmers in Africa hopeless as they will have no income now, LIDC’s depend on AC’s continuously

Aid

Relief given to countries in the form of money, resources, or military, primarily given to LIDCs. Four types of aid are long term, short term, bilateral, and multilateral.

Rostows Model

This is a positive overview of the world, the main idea is that “every state has the potential and ability to develop”

• Traditional Society: Farming

• Pre Conditions to Take Off: Make Infrastructure

• Take Off: Urbanization, industrialization, global trade

• Mature: Improve transportation, many types of products being sold

• Mass Consumption: Independent from trade

5 Economic Sectors

• Primary: extract from the environment, farmers, miners, and fishers, mostly in LIDCs because ACs have more technology.

• Secondary: manufacturing, Value Added Products (ex. Taking raw wood and making a chair, the chair will be sold for more, or milk becoming cheese), this sector is increasing in LIDCs and decreasing in ACs.

• Tertiary: services, retail, transportation, teachers, police

  • Quaternary: share knowledge/information, teachers, news reporters, library, research scientists

  • Quinary: shapes economy, decision-makers, CEO’s, government, priests, influencers

India Overview

• Somewhere between 3-4 of the DMT model

• Population growing, median age 28 in 2022

Transnational Corporations

Since India is not an AC it has lower wages so companies choose to make their products in these countries so that they can be sold for a higher price in ACs and make more profit.

UN sustainable development goals

Development without sacrificing resources, 17 goals created by the UN, set in 2015. 

Commodities Influence on Development

Commodities increase the reliance LIDCs have on ACs, this creates a cycle of dependence as the economy in the AC affects the purchase of goods in the LIDCs, LIDCs mostly have one major commodity that they export so their economy depends on that one good entirely.

Population Density

high density in South East England, low density in North East Scotland

Trends

Stage 1 of the DTM in 1760 - 1880, drop in death (medical advancements) up to 1940 (Stage 3) with birth rates staying the same, in 1940 UK entered Stage 4.

Population Pyramids

Graphs that show a country's population growth/patterns, generally males on the left side and females on the right, the x-axis shows the aging distribution.

• Rapid Growth: narrow at the top, and gets wider going down, few old people and a booming growth of children

• Stable: two almost straight lines on either side which show that the number of old people and young people is relatively similar

• Slow Growth: narrows from the top, and starts to get wider, but before reaching the bottom it becomes a straight line, the bottom is wider than the top but the growth is slow

• Decline: narrow from the bottom and wide from the top, fewer kids compared to the elderly, aging population

Ethnic Diversity

There has been an increase in the number of Asians, Blacks, and other white people recently, primarily because of migration from ex-colonial states of the UK.

Aging Population

• Causes: After the country finishes developing with improved healthcare, this causes people to have fewer babies as they know that they won't die. Fewer babies being born results in a ratio of more elderly.

• Effects: More healthcare is needed, but not enough working population, so higher taxes

• Spatial Distribution: Areas along the south and east coast have an older population in the UK and major cities have a youthful population, this may be because when people migrate from countries they mainly come to large cities. Immigrants in the UK usually have more kids than white British people.

• Responses: Higher taxes because of a larger need for healthcare, more elderly homes will be needed.

Changes In Employment Sectors

Since the UK has developed, the rise of the tertiary sector has resulted in the fall of the primary and secondary sectors.

UK Economic Hubs

There is a divide between the north and the south, the south has more income and the north has fewer opportunities and more homelessness.

Low Supply of Resources

• Food:  Results in people having less energy and loss of weight

• Energy: Little to no energy means putting more effort into making food, which results in less food being made

• Water: Needed for the body to function properly, also affects the supply of food negatively if it's unavailable

Food Security

Trying to achieve a situation where everyone in the world has a sufficient amount of food available to them for a healthy life.

Food Security Factors

• Climate Change: In some places, climate change has caused a large increase in rain which results in crops being destroyed. Likewise, climate change has also resulted in previously wet areas becoming dry, which also kills crops. 

• Technology: This has improved food security, as more technology helps food produce faster and in larger quantities.

• Poverty: Higher poverty results in people not being able to grow/buy their food.

World Patterns

More food is consumed in AC’s generally because they can afford to buy more food compared to LIDC’s

World Index Hunger

Calculated using undernourishment, child mortality rate, and percentage of children underweight, ranges from 0 (no hunger) to 100

Average Daily Hunger Consumption

HIgher in countries like the US and Europe

Malthusian

Mainly argued that population growth grew exponentially while the food supply grew linearly which resulted in not enough food being grown for the population, he believed that this would result in “Checks” like famine, war, and diseases to keep the population back in line with the amount of resources, negative outlook

Boserupian

Argued that population growth will cause technological and agricultural Innovations to occur, a more positive outlook by stating that as the population grows people will adapt and start growing more food, and people will adapt to new agricultural practices to increase crop yield, positive outlook