AP Psychology - Unit 1: History and Approaches

psychology

the study of the mind and its mental processes, behavior, and the relationship between the two

philosophy

understanding the nature/aspects of the world through introspection

physiology

the scientific study of organisms and their function

Hippocrates

empiricism

- father of medicine

- study human body through dissection and vivisection

- wrote a book about hysteria

- wrote about melancholia

Socrates

rationalism

dualism: separation of mind and body

- mind continues after death

Plato

rationalism

dualism

- knowledge is innate

Aristotle

empiricism

monism

- knowledge from experience

Francis Bacon

empiricism

atheoretical science

Rene Descartes

rationalism

dualism

cogito ergo sum = I think therefore I am

John Locke

empiricism

tabula rasa = blank slate

Immanuel Kant

empiricism & rationalism

a priori: knowledge acquired before birth

a posteriori: knowledge acquired after birth

structuralism

structure of the mind

- introspection to study feelings and sensations

Wilhelm Wundt

Edward B Titchener

G Stanley Hall

Wilhelm Wundt

structuralism

father of psychology

- created first lab in Germany

Edward B Titchener

established structuralism

G Stanley Hall

structuralism

first lab in US (Johns Hopkins)

functionalism

function of the mind

- objective techniques to explore memories and emotions

Charles Darwin (inspired)

William James

William James

functionalism

wrote first psychology book: Principles of Psychology

pragmatism

how to use/apply psychology

- offshoot of functionalism

associationism

how vents are linked in the mind

- offshoot of functionalism

behaviorism

- wanted psychology to be "the scientific study of observable behavior" and to move away from pure introspection

- focus on learned behaviors, rewards/punishments, conditioning

Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, BF Skinner

psychodynamic (psychoanalytic)

- unconscious conflicts (id, ego, superego)

- repressed urges

- childhood experiences

- all thought, actions, emotions are determined (determinism)

Sigmund Freud

humanistic

- free will

- self-esteem

- human potential/growth

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

cognitivism

- focuses on thought processes

- how you think, process, store

Jean Piaget

biological (biopsychological)

- brain chemistry, brain structure, function

Roger Sperry

sociocultural

- how cultures/situations affect us

- social norms

John Berry

evolutionary

- how humans adapt and change with society

Charles Darwin

gestalt

- "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"

- looking at whole behaviors instead of dissecting them into smaller parts

Wolfgang Kohler

biopsyhosocial

eclectic approach: embracing a variety of approaches

school psychologists

assessment/intervention in educational settings

industrial/organizational psychologists

workplace behaviors

psychologists

MA or PhD

- clinical psychologists (PhD)

- counseling psychologists (MA)

psychiatrists

MD

psychoanalysts

Freudian psychologists