Mass Incarceration and Social Stratification

These flashcards cover key vocabulary associated with mass incarceration, social justice, racial disparities, and concepts in sociology, aiding students in their exam preparation.

Mass Incarceration

The substantial increase in the number of incarcerated individuals, particularly noted in the United States since the 1980s, often associated with stricter drug policies and socio-economic factors.

War on Drugs

A government-led initiative that began in the 1970s aiming to reduce illegal drug trade and use, resulting in increased incarceration rates, particularly among marginalized communities.

Recidivism

The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend or return to criminal behavior after serving time.

Parole vs. Probation

Parole refers to early release from prison under specified conditions, while probation allows a convict to remain in the community under supervision instead of serving time in prison.

Three Strikes Law

Legislation that imposes harsher sentences on those convicted of a third felony, leading to many individuals serving life sentences for non-violent crimes.

Racial Disparities in Sentencing

The unequal treatment of individuals based on race within the criminal justice system, leading to higher incarceration rates for people of color.

Structural Inequality

Social inequalities rooted in the structures of society, often relating to race, class, and gender, impacting access to resources and opportunities.

Restorative Justice

An approach to justice emphasizing repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior through inclusive processes that engage all stakeholders.

Prison Industrial Complex

The intricate relationship between the government, corporations, and the prison system, often leading to commercialization of incarceration.

Hegemony

The dominance of one group over others, often maintained through consent rather than coercion, leading to societal norms that justify inequalities.

Social Mobility

The ability of individuals to move up or down the social strata, often influenced by education, family background, and socio-economic factors.

Differential Association Theory

A criminology theory suggesting that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others rather than inherent traits.

Mandatory Minimum Sentences

Laws that set minimum sentences for certain crimes, limiting judicial discretion and often leading to harsher penalties for offenders.

Ban the Box Policy

Legislation aimed at preventing employers from asking about an applicant's criminal history on job applications to reduce discrimination against formerly incarcerated individuals.