Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 4

Anabolic

In _______ reactions, larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones; a process requiring energy.

Catabolic

In ______ reactions, larger molecules are broken down, releasing energy.

Dehydration synthesis

The anabolic reaction known as ______ builds polymers by linking together the monomers (basic units) by removing the components of water molecules between each monomer

Dehydration synthesis

Polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are constructed via _____

Dehydration synthesis

The following chemical equation demonstrates which type of anabolic reaction? A-OH + H-OB > A-O-B + H2O

Hydrolysis

The catabolic reaction known as ____ inserts a water molecule between the units of a polymer, breaking it into the individual monomers (basic units)

Hydrolysis

_______ is responsible for digestion

Hydrolysis

The following chemical equation represents which type of catabolic reaction? A-O-B + H2O > A-OH + H-OB

Enzymes

_____ (biological catalyst) control the rate of metabolic reaction in cells, because the body temperature is too low for reaction to run fast enough

Activation Energy

Enzymes act as biological catalyst by lowing the ________ needed for metabolic reactions

Small

Enzymes work in ____ quantities and are recycled by the cell (can be used again).

Substrate

Each enzyme is specific, acting on only one kind of ______; specified by their complementary shapes.

Active Site

Within the structure of an enzyme is an area that matches to the shape of its substrate. This area is known as the ___________

Enzyme-substrate complex

When the substate is attached to the active site of the enzyme, the _____ is formed

-In; -ase

The names of enzymes usually end in ____ or ____.

Metabolic pathways

Most metabolic reactions occur as a series of enzyme, controlled steps known as ________

Reactants

In a metabolic pathway, the products of one reaction becomes the ____ for the next reaction in the series of reactions

Cofactor

Some enzymes only become active when they combine with a nonprotein (inorganic) component called a _________

Coenzymes

Small organic cofactors are called ________, which are often vitamins

Denatured

Since most enzymes are proteins, they can be _____, which causes them not to function, by heat, changes in pH, and other environmental factors.

Energy

_______ is the capacity to do work

Heat, light, mechanical energy, chemical energy, sound, electrical energy

six common forms of energy

Chemical

Most metabolic reaction use ____ energy

Oxidation

Release of chemical energy in the cell often occurs through the _______ of glucose in a process called cellular respiration.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Chemical energy released during cellular respiration cannot be directly used by cells and must be stored in the molecules of _____

Released

Energy is ____ when the last phosphate is released from ATP to form ADP

Energy is stored when a third phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP

Describe how energy is stored using ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Catabolic

Is cellular respiration an anabolic or a catabolic reaction?

Glycolysis, Transition stage, Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

List the four steps of aerobic cellular respiration, in their correct order.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

The following chemical equation represents the general equation for __________ C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (glucose + oxygen is converted into CO2 +Water+ATPs)

Aerobic

When a chemical reaction requires oxygen, it is known as a/an ____ reaction.

Anaerobic

When a chemical reaction can occur without the presence of oxygen, it is known as a/an ____ reaction.

Glycolysis

First part of cellular respiration, occurs in cytoplasm, can take place without oxygen, so is referred to as being anaerobic. Products are 2 pyruvic molecules, 2 ATP, 2 NADHs

Cytoplasm

Glycolysis takes place in which part of cells?

Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

At the end of the glycolysis reactions, one molecule of glucose has been split (oxidized) into two molecules of _______

2

How many ATP molecules are used to start the Glycolysis reaction?

4

How many total ATP molecules are produced during Glycolysis?

2

What is the net gain of ATP after completing glycolysis?

NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

During glycolysis, 2 high energy electron carrier molecules, _____ are formed.

Transition Stage

During the ________ Pyruvic acid will lose a carbon and join with a coenzyme to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl Co-A) which can enter the Krebs (citric acid) cycle.

2 NADH, 2 CO2

In the transition stage, _________ are produced, __________ molecules and no ATPs are produced by substrate level phosphorylation. (Since there are 2 NADH, 2 CO22 pyruvates, this is the total using both)

Mitochondria

The transition stage transports pyruvate into the _____ for the completion of aerobic cellular respiration

2

At the end of 2 turns of the Krebs cycle, what is the total number of ATP's produced?

NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Name the two high energy electron carrier molecules produced by the Krebs cycle.

6

How many NADH molecules are produced during 2 turns of the Krebs cycle?

2

How many FADH2 molecules are produced during 2 turns of the Krebs cycle?

4

How many CO2 molecules are produced during 2 turns of the Krebs cycle?

Transition stage and Krebs cycle

Which two steps of aerobic cellular respiration form the CO2 that is released as a waste product?

The matrix of the mitochondria

Where does the Krebs cycle take place in cells?

ETC (electron transport chain)

NADH and FADH2 are used in the ____ stage of aerobic respiration during the production of 34 ATP from 1 glucose.

Along the cristae of the inner membrane in the mitochondria

Where does the ETC take place?

Enzyme carrier molecules

The ETC is a series of membrane ____ that allow for H+ ions released from NADH and FADHs to leave the matrix and enter the intermembrane space

Chemiosmosis

During the ETC, ATP is formed during ______, as H+ ions leave the intermembrane space through the enzyme carrier, ATP synthase.

Oxygen

______ is the last electron receptor in the ETC, and along with hydrogen, forms water.

3

For each molecule of NADH formed during aerobic cellular respiration, _____ molecules of ATP are formed

2

For each molecule of FADH2 formed during aerobic cellular respiration, ____ molecules of ATP are formed

34 (Explanation: 10 NADHs x 3 ATPs each = 30 ATPs, 2 FADH2 x 2 ATPs each = 4 ATPs)

Using the total number of NADH and FADH2 molecules produced during Glycolysis, Transition stage, and Krebs cycle, how many ATP molecules are formed during ETC?

Inner membrane, Outer membrane, Cristae, Intermembrane space

Label the parts of the mitochondria

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

__________ contains the genetic code needed for the synthesis of each protein (including enzymes) required by the cell.

Gene

A ______ is a portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making a single protein.

Genome

The complete set of gene instructions is the ________

Sugar-phosphate

The nucleotides of DNA form a ______ backbone with bases extending into the interior of the DNA ladder-like molecule.

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Name the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA

Thymine

In DNA, the complimentary base to adenine is ______

Guanine

In DNA, the complimentary base to cytosine is ______

Hydrogen

In DNA, the complimentary bases are held together by _____ bonds

Double helix

DNA twist to from the shape known as the _______________

Interphase (s phase)

DNA replication takes place during the ______ stage of the cell cycle

Hydrogen bonds

During DNA replication enzymes break the _____ between bases opening the molecule along its length.

DNA polymerase

The enzyme ____ brings in nucleotide bases to match to the complementary bases during DNA replication

Semi-conservative

Each new DNA molecule, produced by DNA replication, consists of one parental strand and one newly-synthesized strand of DNA, thus DNA replication is said to be ___________

TGAACCGGTAT

If one side of a DNA molecule has the bases ACTTGGCCATA, what are the complimentary bases for the other side?

Genetic code

The ________ is the sequence of base pairs of a gene that specifies an order of amino acids to make a particular protein.

Codon

An amino acid is represented by a three-base sequence on DNA called ________

transcription, translation

The process of protein synthesis requires two sequential steps - 1. ______ and 2. _________.

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

The nucleic acids known as ____ work with DNA during protein synthsis.

Messenger RNA (mRNA),Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Name the three types of RNA

function of mRNA

Uses the genetic code in DNA to produce the mRNA code and carry this to a Ribosome where amino acids are linked together into polypeptides

function of tRNA

Attaches to specific amino acids and transports them to ribosomes for protein synthesis

function of rRNA?

Makes up the ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis

Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

Name the four nitrogenous bases found in all types of RNA

Uracil

For RNA, the complimentary base for adenine is _____

Single

Is a mRNA molecule a double or a single helix?

transcription in protein synthesis

Using the genetic code in DNA to use RNA nucleotides to produce a strand of mRNA

AUGACCGUGUGGUGA

Using the DNA genetic code, write the mRNA code (transcription) TACTGGCACACCACT

Met - Thr - Val - Trp - Stop

Use the mRNA code and the amino acid chart at the end of the study cards to translate it into the amino acids: AUGACCGUGUGGUGA

In the nucleus, along the DNA molecule (chromatin)

Where does the step of protein synthesis known as transcription take place?

At a ribosome

Where does the step of protein synthesis known as translation take place?

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

During translation, which type of RNA carriers amino acids to ribosomes so the amino acids can become part of the polypeptide chain?

Anticodon

What part of the tRNA molecule allows the tRNA to place the correct amino acid into it correct location in the polypeptide chain.

Dehydration synthesis

The ribosome contains enzymes needed to join the amino acids together by __________ forming peptide bonds.

Anabolic

Protein synthesis is an example of which type of chemical reaction? (catabolic or anabolic)

Mitochondria

parts Inner membrane, outer membrane, cristae, intermembrane space

Gentetic code

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen occurs in 4 stages: glycolysis, transition stage, krebs cycle, and ETC

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions product is 2 ATPS, 6 NADHs, 2 FADH2, 4 molecules of CO2