INORGANIC CHEM p5

Group VB - Vanadium Group

Members: V, Nb, Ta

VANADIUM

NOBIUM

TANTALUM

TANTALUM (Ta)

• Unaffected by BODY FLUIDS

• Use → Surgical repair of bones, nerves, and tissues

C. Tantalum

A metal which is unaffected by body fluids and attaches itself to bones, now used in surgical repairs of bones, nerves and muscles:

A. Aluminum C. Tantalum

B. Iron D. Tin

GROUP VIA (Oxygen Family / Chalcogens)

• Valence e⁻ → 6

• Oxidation state → -2

• Members → O S Se Te Po (OSuSeTePo)

OXYGEN

SULFUR

SELENIUM

TELLURIUM

POLONIUM

OXYGEN (O)

Also known as →

• ACID FORMERS (Lavoisier)

• DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR (Priestley)

• EMPYREAL AIR (Scheele)

OXYGEN (O)

• Most abundant element on → Earth

• Production → LINDE FRANKL PROCESS

• Storage → Green cylinder

true

additional note:

H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide is also called as THENARD'S OXYGENATED ACID

B. Oxygen

The most abundant element on Earth.

A. Hydrogen C. Silicon

B. Oxygen D. Aluminum

B. Green

What is the color of the cylinder that is used to contain O₂?

A. Black C. Gray

B. Green D. Brown

SULFUR (S)

Also known as → BRIMSTONE/ENEMY OF COPPER

SULFUR (S)

• Production → Claus and Frasch process

• Properties:

Depilatory agent

Antimicrobial

Sublimed sulfur

Other name → Flowers of sulfur

Use/Description → Treatment of skin infections

Precipitated Sulfur

Other name → Milk of sulfur

Use/Description → Scabicide

Washed Sulfur

Sublimed sulfur treated with NH3 to purify.

SELENIUM (Se)

• Present in → GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE

• VITAMIN E + Selenium → synergistic

Selenium Sulfide

SeS₂

• Selsun Blue®

• Use/Description → Obsolete antiseborrheic agent

GROUP VIB

Members → Cr, Mo, W, U

Chromium

Molybdenum

Tungsten

Uranium

CHROMIUM (Cr)

• GLUCOSE TOLERANCE FACTOR

• Deficiency → HYPERGLYCEMIA

MOLYBDENUM (Mo)

• Present in → XANTHINE OXIDASE

• Bacterial fixing of atmospheric NITROGEN

URANIUM (U)

DISCOVERED BY HENRI BECQUEREL

>> Manufacture of → VASELINE glass and ATOMIC bombs

A. Cr

Deficiency of this essential trace element results in hyperglycemia. Hence it is also known as the Glucose Tolerance Factor.

A. Cr C. Mg

B. Si D. Mn

GROUP VIIA (Halogens / Salt-Formers)

• Valence e⁻ → 7

• Oxidation state → -1

• Members → Fr, Cl, Br, I, At (France Claire BrIAT)

Fluorine

Chlorine

Bromine

Iodine

Astatine

FLUORINE (F)

• Also known as → The SUPERHALOGEN (HIGHEST ELECTRONEGATIVITY)

• General use → Anticariogenic

• Toxicity → FLUOROSIS (MOTTLED ENAMEL)

CHLORINE (Cl)

• HIGHEST ELECTRON AFFINITY

• General use → Water disinfectant

• CHLORINE DIOXIDE (ClO2) → Used to further disinfect the water

HYDROCHLORIC ACID → HCl

• Aka → MURIATIC ACID; Strong acid

• For the treatment of achlorhydria (no HCl; can cause pernicious anemia - no vit. b12)

BROMINE (Br)

Dark, reddish brown suffocating liquid

• Toxicity → BROMISM

• Antidote → NSS / NaCl

Bromine 0.1 N T.S.

Koppeschaar's solution - assay of phenols etc.

IODINE (I)

• HEAVIEST nonmetallic element

• Mainly present in the → THYROID GLAND

• Deficiency → GOITER

• Toxicity → IODISM

• Antidote → Starch, Na₂S₂O₃ - Sodium Thiosulfate

Iodine Solution

→ 2% iodine + NaI + Water

Strong Iodine Solution

→ 5% iodine + KI + Water

Iodine Tincture

→ 2% iodine + NaI + 50% Alcohol

Iodophor

→ Iodine + Surfactant (betadine - 10% + PVP)

Iothalamate Meglumine

→ RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST MEDIUM

ASTATINE (At)

The only synthetic, metallic, and radioactive halogen

A. Fluorine

Linus Pauling called this element a superhalogen, probably owing to its high electronegativity value.

A. Fluorine C. Bromine

B. Chlorine D. Iodine

D. Chlorine

Halogen used as a common water disinfectant.

A. Astatine C. Bromine

B. Iodine D. Chlorine

C. To further disinfect the water

In the process of purifying water by chlorination what is the rationale of adding chlorine dioxide?

A. To ensure the pH of the water is 7

B. To destroy unpleasant odor and taste

C. To further disinfect the water

D. To act as a bleaching agent

C. Hydrochloric acid

What is the chemical composition of muriatic acid?

A. Acetic acid C. Hydrochloric acid

B. Sulfuric acid D. Nitric acid

A. Saltpeter - POTASSIUM NITRATE

These are salts of chlorine except:

A. Saltpeter C. Bleaching powder

B. Rock salt D. Calomel

A. Bromine

A halogen characterized as a dark, reddish brown, fuming liquid with suffocating odor:

A. Bromine C. Chlorine

B. Iodine D. Fluorine

B. Bromine, tenth normal solution

Chemically, Koppeschaar's solution is:

A. Iodobromide solution

B. Bromine, tenth normal solution

C. Bromine-acetic acid solution

D. Bromine T.S.

B. Radiographic contrast medium

What is Iothalamate Meglumine?

A. Food supplement

B. Radiographic contrast medium

C. Household cleaner

D. None

GROUP VIIB

Members → Mn, Tc, Re

MANGANESE

TECHNETIUM

RHENIUM

MANGANESE (Mn)

• Source → PYROLUSITE (MnO2)

• Involved in

→ PHOSPHORYLATION

→ PROTEIN AND FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS

• Present in → PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE ENZYME

TECHNETIUM (Tc)

Technetos - artificial

• First element to be produced → ARTIFICIALLY

• 99m Tc Etidronate: Best radiopharmaceutical agent for bone imaging

B. Tc

The first element produced artificially is:

A. Rn C. Ta

B. Tc D. Pt

D. Tc99m etidronate

Best radiopharmaceutical agent for bone imaging:

A. Tc99m IDA

B. Tc99m albumin colloid

C. Tc99m ferpentate

D. Tc99m etidronate

GROUP VIIIA (Inert Gas / Noble Gas / Group 0)

• Valence e⁻ → 8

• Oxidation state → 0

• Members → He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn (He NeAr Krypton Xe Rn)

Helium

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Xenon

Radon

HELIUM (He)

• 2nd lightest gas

• Carrier for gasses

• Storage → BROWN CYLINDER

• Artificial Air → 80% He + 20% O₂ (HELIOX)

• Toxicity → “DONALD DUCK SOUND”

Artificial air

80% helium 20% oxygen

NEON (Ne)

Advertising signs

ARGON (Ar)

• MOST ABUNDANT NOBLE GAS

• Storage → DARK GREEN CYLINDER

KRYPTON (Kr)

Possesses → INHALATIONAL ANESTHETIC activity

XENON (Xe)

• LEAST ABUNDANT noble gas

RADON (Rn)

• Also known as → NITON

• The only synthetic and radioactive noble gas

• Obtained from the radioactive decay of → RADIUM

• ²²²Rn → treatment of → CANCER

C. Brown

Helium is usually supplied in cylinders, which are colored ____

A. Green C. Brown

B. Black D. Grey

B. Radon

Which of the following Group O elements is recovered from the radioactive decay of radium:

A. Helium C. Krypton

B. Radon D. Argon

B. 20% oxygen & 80% helium

"Artificial Air" is used therapeutically to alleviate difficult respiration and contains:

A. 60% oxygen & 40% helium

B. 20% oxygen & 80% helium

C. 20% helium & 80% oxygen

D. 40% helium & 60% oxygen

GROUP VIIIB

• 1ST TRIAD → Fe, Co, Ni

Iron, Cobalt, Nickel

• 2ND TRIAD → Ru, Rh, Pd

Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium

• 3RD TRIAD → Os, Ir, Pt

Osmium, Iridium, Platinum

IRON (Fe)

ferrum

• 4th most abundant element

• VIT. C→ ↑ Absorption

• General Use → HEMATINIC

• Adverse Effects → GI PAIN, CONSTIPATION, BLACK STOOL

IRON (Fe)

• Deficiency → IDA (IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA)

• Toxicity → HEMOCHROMATOSIS

• Antidote → DEFEROXAMINE

Ferrous carbonate (FeCO₃)

CHALYBEATE PILLS, FERRUGINOUS PILLS

→ IRON SUPPLEMENT

→ Treatment of skin infections

Ferrous fumarate (FeC₄H₂O₄)

Toleron® → Iron supplement

>> Contains the HIGHEST amount of elemental iron

Ferrous gluconate (FeC₁₂H₂₄O₁₄)

Fergon ® → Iron supplement

>> Contains the LEAST amount of elemental iron

Ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄)

GREEN VITRIOL → Iron supplement

>> Most economical and most satisfactory form of iron preparation

Ferrous disulfide (FeS₂)

• PYRITE, FOOL'S GOLD

Ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃)

• HEMATITE

>> Calamine → Pink color

Ferrosoferric oxide (Fe₃O₄)

• MAGNETITE

Ferrous ferricyanide [Fe₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂]

• TURNBULL'S BLUE

>> ferroUs - tUrnbUll's blue

Ferric ferrocyanide [Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃]

• PRUSSIAN BLUE

>> ferrIc - prussIan blue

>> Obsolete antidote for THALLIUM POISONING

Ferric thiocyanate [Fe(SCN)₃]

• Fe³⁺ salts + Ammonium thiocyanate → BLOOD RED COLOR

Ferric subsulfate solution

• MONSEL'S SOLUTION

>> Styptic

Ferrous ammonium sulfate

• Mohr's salt

C. Vitamin C

What vitamin increases the absorption of iron?

A. Vitamin E C. Vitamin C

B. Vitamin D D. Vitamin A

D. Iron

Chalybeate water contains _____.

A. Lithium C. Salt

B. Carbon D. Iron

D. Ferrous

Which ion gives a turnbull's blue precipitate upon addition with potassium ferricyanide?

A. Stannic C. Stannous

B. Ferric D. Ferrous

A. Ferric

The ion that gives a Prussian blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide:

A. Ferric C. Cobalt

B. Ferrous D. Nickel

A. Blood red

Ferric thiocyanate, produced by the reaction of ferric salts with ammonium thiocyanate has a color _____.

A. Blood red C. Dark yellow

B. Light violet D. Dark blue

C. Ferric subsulfate solution

Monsel's solution is ________.

A. Ferrous sulfate solution C. Ferric subsulfate solution

B. Dried ferrous sulfate D. None of these

A. Ferrous ammonium sulfate

Mohr's salt

A. Ferrous ammonium sulfate

B. Ferrous potassium sulfate

C. Ferrous sulfate

D. Ferrous lactate

COBALT (Co)

• Essential in the development of → ERYTHROCYTE and HEMOGLOBIN

• Present in → VITAMIN B12 (CYANOCOBLAMIN)

• Deficiency → PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

• Color → Pink

>> Co + Vogel’s Reagent → BEAUTIFUL BLUE

Cobaltous chloride (CoCl₂)

→ LOVER'S INK/SYMPATHETIC INK

→ Indicator in silica gel beads

>> dry: blue color

>> wet: pink

​

Cobalt meta-aluminate

Thenard's blue

>> Al is the one positive in this test

Cobalt zincate

Rinmann's green

>> Zinc is the one positive in this test

NICKEL (Ni)

• Also known as → OLD NICK'S COPPER

• Component of fancy jewelries

• Adverse Effect → NICK'S ITCH

OSMIUM (Os)

• The HEAVIEST and DENSEST element

• Use → OSMIUM TETROXIDE: Staining for electron microscopy

PLATINUM (Pt)

• Manufacture of crucibles and wires

• Use:

→ CARBOPLATIN AND CISPLATIN: Organoplatinum antineoplastic agents