History Final #5

Civil War - Causes, Outcomes, Reconstruction

Popular Sovereignty

rule by the people; in this context, meaning that people in states would decide whether to have slavery

Missouri Compromise 1820

Settled debate over slave status of states; Missouri entered as a slave state, while Maine entered as a free state; the 36'30" line was drawn to determine whether a state would be a slave state or free state, but this was not a lasting solution

The Compromise of 1850

5 parts: California entered as a free state; Utah and Mexico (from Mexico cession) would decide slavery issue by popular sovereignty; slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.; created Fugitive Slave Law; settled border problems between New Mexico and Texas

Fugitive Slave Law

This law was part of the compromise of 1850: REQUIRED citizens to catch runaway slaves. If a person did not comply, they could be fined up to $1000 or put in jail for SIX months. MANY blacks who were free were captured and sent back into slavery. Northerners HATED this law because it forced them to become part of the system of slavery.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

NOVEL written by Harriett Beecher Stowe to show the EVILS of slavery by telling the story of an older slave who was whipped to death by his owner; After reading it, MANY Northerners began to change their view of slavery while southerners said the book was full of LIES!

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Divided lands into Kansas and Nebraska territories; Decided that SLAVERY issue would be decided by POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY (issues voted on by the people in the territory/state).; Led to violence in the Senate. Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner; Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery settlers in ONE AREA and this led to conflict! Northerners believe this REPEALED the Missouri Compromise; violence breaks out in Kansas

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

Because of the violence going on in Kansas, John Brown and four of his sons rode into a small town named Pottawatomie Creek and pulled five pro-slavery men out of their beds in the middle of the night. Murder the men. John Brown believed he was doing what "GOD has told him to do". Many Northerners, while they didn't believe in slavery, were appalled at what he did.

Dred Scott Case 1857

Dred Scott was a slave who lived in a free territory with his owner. His owner moved back into a slave state and died. Scott had ABOLITIONIST attorneys file a lawsuit for him. The Court ruled he was NOT a citizen but RATHER property and therefore he could not file a lawsuit. Carried the additional ruling that Congress could NOT ban slavery in any of the territories thus repealing the Missouri Compromise. Southerners loved this but northerners hated it.

Lincoln-Douglas Debate 1858

Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debated! Douglass believed in deciding slavery by popular sovereignty while Lincoln believed that slavery should NOT be allowed to spread into the territories and that the nation could not survive if the fighting continued to rip the Union apart with the slavery issue.

Raid on Harpers Ferry

John Brown led five African American men and thirteen white men into Harpers Ferry with the goal to raid an arsenal and start a slave revolt. No slaves "rose" to help. A number of his men died and Brown was arrested by Robert E. Lee. Brown was tried and found guilty of murder and treason so he was hanged. Some Northerners thought of him as a martyr.

Election of 1860

Lincoln vs. Douglas; Lincoln victorious despite Douglas's support from the south; southerners began to discuss seceding from the union as a result.

South Secedes

December 20, 1860 - South Carolina voted to secede from the Union. Efforts are made to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the West but fail. February 1861 - Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia secede. February 4th, 1861 - In Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate States of America is formed. Jefferson Davis - Selected to a 6 year term as President of the Confederate States.

Attack on Fort Sumter

The Confederate forces seized Federal Forts. April 12, 1861 - The attack began in Charleston Harbor at 4:30 A.M. P.G.T. Beauregard led the attack against Robert Anderson. Anderson is forced to surrender the Fort. (Yankee Doodle) April 14th, 1861. Union Flag is re-raised on April 14, 1865.

Lincoln Calls for Volunteers

After news of the attack and capture of Ft. Sumter Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers. Many people North and South rushed out to volunteer for military service. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas voted to join the Confederacy. The Civil War officially began.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, As V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached.

Robert Shaw

Commander of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment of African Americans

Robert E. Lee

Leader of the Confederate Army

Ulysses S Grant

General of the Union Army

Booker T. Washington

African American born into slavery who believed that racism would end once blacks developed useful labor/vocational skills; focus efforts on the community level

North Advantages- Civil War

22 million soldiers, More railroad access, More textiles and supplies for war effort- superiority in resources would make them more difficult to wear down, Leadership of Grant-willing to deal with incredible losses to defeat south

South Advantages- Civil War

Fight defensive war, land familiarity, local support, clearer support for the war

draft

Legal means of forcing people to serve in the armed forces

Antebellum

pre-Civil war period

War of attrition

a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear down the other by a series of small-scale actions or battles.

Anaconda Plan

General Scott's strategy to surround the Confederacy with Union forces and slowly squeeze it to death

Total War

Conflict in which opponents strike against soldiers, civilians, and the enemy's entire economic system

Siege

Form of prolonged attack in which a city is surrounded and starved into surrender

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln to free enslaved people in areas rebelling against the U.S. government

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Radical Republicans

Group that was in favor of African Americans getting the right to vote

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous slave status

Successes of Reconstruction

-African-Americans participated at all levels of government. -State governments had some success in solving social problems (for example, they funded public school systems open to all citizens).-African-Americans established institutions that had been denied them during slavery: schools, churches and families. -The breakup of the plantation system led to some redistribution of land. Congress passed the 14th and 15th Amendments

Failures of Reconstruction

-Federal and state governments failed to secure the rights guaranteed to former slaves by constitutional amendments. Radical Republican governments were unable or unwilling to enact land reform or to provide former slaves with necessary economic resources-State Republican parties could not preserve black-white voter coalitions that would have enabled them to stay in power and continue political reform.-Racial bias was a national problem. Northerners became more absorbed in westward expansion and industrialization than with the problems of the former slaves.-The Supreme Court undermined the power of the 14th and 15th Amendments.

black codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Freedmen's Bureau

government agency founded during Reconstruction to help newly freed slaves and poor whites with basic necessities, land acquisition; and education