Untitled Flashcards Set

Nasal Septum

Divides the nose into two nostrils.

Mucosal Linings

Warms incoming air and traps foreign objects.

Ciliated Cells

Propel debris towards the throat for disposal.

Conchae

Three ridges in the nasal cavity that increase mucosal surface area and air turbulence.

Uvula

Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity.

Paranasal Sinuses

Surround the nasal cavity and have multiple functions.

Functions of Sinuses

Lighten the skull, resonate speech, and produce mucus.

Pharynx

Commonly known as the throat.

Tonsils

Lined within the pharynx to trap and remove foreign pathogens.

Nasopharynx

The upper section of the pharynx located behind the nose.

Oropharynx

The middle section of the pharynx located behind the mouth.

Laryngopharynx

The lower section of the pharynx that leads to the larynx.

Larynx

Connects the pharynx to the trachea.

Epiglottis

Diverts air and food into the proper pathways.

Vocal Cords

Produce sound by varying tension.

Trachea

Also known as the windpipe.

Pleura

Thin membrane covering the lungs.

Pleural Space

Contains pleural fluid that reduces friction.

Alveoli

Smaller air sacs surrounded by capillaries.

Surfactant

Lipid mixture produced by alveoli to prevent collapsing.

Respiratory Zone

Site of gas exchange, consisting of thin-walled alveoli and surrounding capillaries.

Respiratory Membrane

Found between capillaries and each alveolus.

Alveolar Macrophages

Collect bacteria within alveoli.

External Respiration

Gas exchange between pulmonary blood vessels and alveoli.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and body tissues.

Diaphragm

A muscle involved in breathing.

External Intercostals

Muscles that assist in breathing by changing thoracic volume.

Inspiration

Muscle contraction that increases volume and decreases pressure.

Expiration

Muscle relaxation that decreases volume and increases pressure.

Medulla

Controls the rate of respiration.

VKG

Quiet regular breathing medullary center.

DRG

Dorsal respiratory group that collects sensory information.

VRG

Ventral respiratory group that receives information from DRG.

Pons

Modifies timing and smooth control of breathing.

Respiratory Rate

Can change due to various factors including physical and chemical.

CO2

The most important chemical factor affecting breathing.

Tidal Volume

Amount of air exchanged by the lungs at rest.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Additional air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Additional air that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume.

Residual Volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation.

Vital Capacity

Amount that can be expired after a maximum inspiration.

Age

A factor that can influence respiratory rate.

Exercise

Physical factor that affects breathing rate.

Stress

Emotional factor that may change breathing patterns.

Hypoxia

Condition of insufficient oxygen supply.

Hypercapnia

Excess carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

Pattern of breathing with periods of apnea.

Spirometry

Test measuring lung volumes.

Bronchial Tree

Complex branching of airways in the lungs.

Hypoventilation

Reduced breathing rate leading to increased CO2.

Hyperventilation

Increased breathing rate leading to decreased CO2.

Asphyxia

Condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen.

Atelectasis

Collapse of lung tissue affecting gas exchange.

Pneumonia

Lung inflammation, typically due to infection.

Chronic Bronchitis

Long-term inflammation of the bronchi.

Emphysema

Disease that damages alveoli, reducing gas exchange.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid accumulation in the lungs.

Airway Resistance

Impedance to airflow in the respiratory system.