A&P C1.2

Integumentary System

Protects the body, helps regulate temperature, eliminates some waste, helps make vitamin D and detects sensations.

Skeletal System

Supports and protects the body, surface for muscle attachments, aids movement, cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids

Muscular System

Body movement, stabilization, heat production

Nervous System

Generates Action Potentials to regulate activities. Detects, interprets and responds to changes in internal and external environment

Endocrine System

Regulate body activities via blood borne chemical messengers

Lymphatic System

Returns protein and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract to blood, houses structures for lymphocyte maturation and proliferation

Cardiovascular System

Heart pumps blood through vessels. Transport of gasses, nutrients and waste. Helps regulate Acid/Base balance, temperature, water content of body fluids. Blood components help defend against disease and mend vessels

Respiratory System

Transfer of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide to / from blood. Helps regulate Acid/Base balance, produce sound

Digestive System

Physical / Chemical breakdown of food. Absorbs nutrients and eliminates solid waste.

Urinary System

Produces, stores and eliminates urine. Helps regulate volume and composition of blood, maintain Acid/Base balance, maintain mineral balance and regulate red blood cell production

Reproductive Systems

Gonads produce and store gametes, release hormones

Body positions- assume anatomical position

Standing, arms at sides, palms forward, feet flat on floo

Prone position

body lying face down

Supine position

body lying face up

Regional names

terms given to specific regions (Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs).

Directional terms

Special words used to describe where one body part is located compared to another such as anterior/distal

Regional Anatomy

Axial region (The body’s core (center)

Appendicular region (Upper and lower limbs)

Lateral

farther from the midline

Intermediate

Between two structures

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

Proximal

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure

Distal

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the origination of a structure

Superficial

Toward or on the surface of the body

Deep

Away from the surface of the body

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right. Midsagittal (or median) plane Parasagittal plane

Frontal (or coronal) Plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse (or cross-sectional) Plan

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Oblique Plane

Plane that passes through the body at an angle between the transverse and sagittal or frontal plane

Posterior aspect

Completely encased by bones and is subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.

Cranial cavity (endocranium)

formed by bones of the cranium and houses the brain

Vertebral canal

formed by the bones of the vertebral column and houses the spinal cord

Ventral (anterior) body cavity

larger than the posterior cavity and is divided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, which are separated by the thoracic diaphragm

subdivisions of ventral cavity are lined with

serous membranes

Two layers of serous membranes

Parietal layer lines internal surface of body wall.

Visceral layer covers the outside of the organs (viscera)

Serous cavity

space between membranes

Serous fluid

liquid secreted by serous membranes that acts as a lubricant, reducing friction as organs move against the body wall.

Mediastinum

median space in the thoracic cavity

Pericardium

two-layered serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Parietal pericardium

Outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart

Visceral pericardium

Forms the heart’s external surface

Pericardial cavity

Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Pleura

two-layered serous membrane associated with lungs

Parietal pleura

Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall

Visceral pleura

the inner layer that wraps around the outside of the lungs.

Pleural cavity

Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid