Psychology Unit 3

Rooting Reflex

Tendency of an infant to open mouth, and search for breast when touched on the cheek

Habituation

A newborns is dislike for old stimulus and enjoying new ones

Piaget 2 stage

A baby has sensorimotor senses of the real world

Piaget 2-6

A babys preoperational stage of representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning

Piaget 7-11

A kids concrete operational skills of thinking logically and concretely

Piaget 12-adulthood

A stage of formal operational of abstract thinking

Conservation

The principal that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of object (such as having water look like more water in a longer glass)

Authoritarian

Parents child rearing of imposing an expecting obedience “Because I said so”

Permissive

Parents child rearing of submitting to a child’s desire with few demands an little punishment

Authoritative

Parents child rearing of demanding and responsive, setting rules

Infancy

Erikson trust vs. mistrust stage: needs need to be met

Toddler (2nd year)

Erikson autonomy vs. shame: toddler doubting their abilities

Preschool (3-5)

Initative vs. guilt: Learning to initiate tasks and carry out plans

Elementary (6 years-puberty)

Competence vs. inferiority: Applying themselves to a task

Adolescence (teen-20s)

Identity vs. role confusion: gaining a sense of self

Young adult (20s-40s)

Intimacy vs. isolation: Wanting a life partner

Middle adult

Generativity vs. stagnation: wanting a sense of contribution

Late adult (60-up)

Integrity vs. despair: reflecting on life as a whole

Diffusion

Stage of development, individuals have not yet explored their options and have not made any commitments.

Foreclosure

Stage of development, identifying and clearing personal values and needs

Moratorium

Stage of development: exploring options but have not yet made commitments

Achievement

Stage of development, actively explored different options and made a firm commitment to their identity

Broco area

Apart of brain in left hemisphere, speech and articulation

Aphasia

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to one of these areas.

Phoneme

In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit (Like katherine being kātheríne)

Morpheme

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

Linguistic Determinism

Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Operant conditioning

Behaviorism where subject learns a behavior by associating it with a consequence (Dog being trained)

Classical condtioning

Behaviorism where subject learns to associate two unrelated things (Dog hears food bag and is ready to eat).

Association

Our brain naturally connecting events that occur in sequence (Seal learns to expect a snack after a showy antic)

Acquisition

Initial stage of classical conditioning of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulis

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally triggers a response

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Unlearnt, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation when food is in the mouth)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a specific response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Positive reinforcement

Add a positive stimulus to encourage behavior (A hug, tv on)

Negative reinforcement

Remove an aversive stimulus (putting seat belt to stop buzzing)

Primary reinforcement

Unlearnt and necessary conditioning (e.g., eating food)

Partial reinforcement

Reinforcing a response only paprt of the time

Fixed ratio

Reinforcing a response after a specified number of responses (faster you respond, the more rewards you get like getting chores done to get to be with friendsd)

Variable ratio

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling)

Fixed interval

Reinforces a response only after a specified time (weeking paycheck or checking email at specific time all the time)

Variable interval

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (like a pop quiz or checking email at a random time)

Intrinsic Motivation

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective (Doing homework with no points and just studying)

Extrinsic Motivation

Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments (Doing homework for points)

Cohort Effect

The effect that having been born in a certain time, region, or period or having experienced the same life experiences has on the development or perceptions of a particular group