Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1

What structures/organs are located within the medistinum?

1. Esophagus

2. Thymus

3. Heart and great vessels

4. Trachea

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2

Name the order (starting with the section proximal to the small intestine) the sections of the large intestine

1. Cecum

2. Ascending colon

3. Right colon flexure (hepatic)

4. Transverse colon

5. Left colon (splenic) flexure

6. Descending colon

7. Sigmoid colon

When imaging the abdomen, what may the position of the stomach depend on?

1. the respiratory phase

2. body habitus

3. patient position

What is the delicate, double-walled sac that covers the lungs called?

Pleura

In order (starting with the section proximal to the stomach), what are the sections of the small intestine?

1. Duodenum

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

What differs the right primary bronchus from the left?

1. Wider

2. Shorter

3. More vertical

What quadrant is the spleen located in?

LUQ

What quadrant is the stomach located in?

LUQ

What quadrant is the Liver located in?

RUQ (mostly)

What quadrant is the appendix located in?

RLQ

What is the mediastinum?

Area between the lungs that doesn’t include the lungs

What are the right and left flexures called?

Left: Splenic (spleen)

Right: Hepatic (liver)

What is the name of the wall/sac that covers the abdominal organs?

Peritoneum

What is the region where the bronchi and the vessels enter/exit?

Hilum

What is the top portion of the sternum called?

Manubrium

What are the haustra of the large intestine?

small pouch like segments of the large intestine

What valve connects the ileum to the cecum?

Ileocecal valve

Name the portions of the pharynx. Which one is not part of both the digestive and respiratory systems?

1. nasopharynx-only for respiratory system

2. oropharynx

3. laryngopharynx

What does the gallbladder do?

1. store biles

2. concentrates bile

3. contracts when stimulated

Define adduction & abduction

adduction: move a part closer to midline

abduction: moving part away from midline

Define flexion & extension

flexion: decreasing angle

extension: increasing angle

Define proximal and distal

proximal: point of origination/closer to point of origin

distal: away from point of origin

In a hyposthenic/asthenic individual, where is the transvere colon most likely located?

very low, likely below the crest of the pelvis

How many primary bronchi does the left lung have?

2

The ____ hemi-diapragm is normally positioned higher because of the ____

right; liver

List in order the following in order thaat would would travel:

1. Stomach

2. Jejunum

3. Cecum

4. Ileum

5. Duodenum

1. Stomach

2. Duodenum

3. Jejunum

4. Ileum

5. Cecum

Define the membrane that lines the abdomen wall?

Peritoneum

T/F carpal bones are considered irregular bones

False (they are short bones)

Where is the primary center of ossification in long bones?

Diaphysis (body/central shaft)

Which of these has a medullary canal?

1. Vertebrae

2. Talus

3. Femur

4. Sacrum

Femur- body of long bone containing hollow center with fatty yellow marrow

How are bones classifed?

Shape

What type of bone classification does the parietal bone of the skull belong?

Flat

What is a hole in a bone through which blood vessels are nerves pass called?

Foramen

The gastroesophageal sphincter joins the _____ and the _____

stomach; esophagus

Which parts of the body belong to the appendicular skeleton?

1. all bones of the upper and lower extremities (femur & phalanges)

2. shoulder girdle

3. pelvic girdle (pelvis, hip/coxal bones)

*think APPENDAGES (limbs & attachments)

Which parts of the body is the axial skeleton?

1. skull

2. auditory ossicles (bones in middle ear)

3. vertebral column (sacrum & coccyx)

4. ribs

5. sternum

6. hyoid bone

*think AXIS of the body (center)

In a astenic person, where would the transverse colon is most likely located?

very low, likely below the level of the crest of the pelvis

Define these cells:

1. Osteoblasts

2. Osteoclasts

3. Osteocytes

4. Phagocyte

5. Chondroblasts

1. bone forming cells; “b” for build

2. reabsorb previously laid down bone during remodeling; “c” for chew

3. mature bone cells, maintain bone tissue

4. engulf/absorb bacteria & particles

5. produce cartilage

Explain the inflammatory stage

1. bone is broken

2. bleeding of bone & soft tissue

3. blood clot forms around break

4. phagocytes clean fragments & kill germs

Explain the reparative stage

1. soft callus forms from chondroblasts

2. osteoblasts lay down new bone & callus

Explain the remodeling stage

1. osteoclasts break down extra bone until healed & back to og shape

Which of the following structures is/are located in the RUQ of an average/sthenic person?

1. Spleen

2. Gallbladder

3. Hepatic Flexure

Gallbladder & hepatic flexure

T/F: organ is a group of tissues that perform a specific function and have a specific shape

True

T/F: the diaphragm moves down on expiration

false

T/F: The cecum, the most distal portion of the small intenstine, joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve

False

1. cecum is the most proximal (1st) portion of the large intestine

correct: The cecum, the most proximal portion of the large intestine, joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve

What type of bones do the vertebrae of the spine belong?

Irregular bones

Define a fossa

depression in the bone

What is the secondary center of ossification of long bones?

Epiphysis

Please matching the action (either inspiration or expiration) with the description that best matches. 

1. air volume in the lungs is decreased

2. intercostal muscles cause ribs to elevate

3. diaphragm is pushed up

4. ribs fall down

5. diaphragm is pushed down

1. expiration

2. inspiration

3. expiration

4. expiration

5. inspiration

What is the difference between depression and projection?

depression: low area, groove, hollow on the surface of the bone; allowing nerve/blood vessel to pass thru

projection: raised area, bump, extension from the surface of a bone; attachment site

Please match each term with the correct description. 

1. spine

2. trochanter

3. sulcus

4. foramen

5. condyle

1. projection

2. projection

3. depression

4. depression

5. projection

All of the following are functions of the gallbladder, except:

 

Storage bile for use later

 

Concentration of bile

 

Contraction when stimulated by CCK

 

Storage of bile for immediate use

storage of bile for immediate use

Where are the renal artery, vein, and ureter attached to each kidney at?

hilum

In anatomical position, are these structures anterior or posterior?

1. palms of hands

2. dorsal part of feet

3. plantar surface of feet

1. anterior

2. (top of feet): anterior

3. (soles): posterior

Define:

1. cell

2. tissues

3. organs

4. organ system

5. organism

1. basic functionall & structural units

2. group of similar cells that perform a function

3. group of tissues joined to perform a function w/ specific shape

4. group of organs that have similar function

5. containing 10 body systems

Where are the transverse colon, stomach, and pancreas, usually located for these body habituses?

1. hypersthenic

2. sthenic

3. hyposthenic/asthenic

1. hypersthenic

   1. stomach: high, transverse, almost horizontal

   2. colon: high, near the diaphragm

   3. pancreas: transverse

2. sthenic

   1. stomach: J-shaped

   2. transverse colon: loops around abdomen, central

   3. pancreas: extends across midline

3. hyposthenic/asthenic

   1. stomach: very low, vertical, elongated

   2. colon: low

   3. pancreas: low and vertical

What does spongy/cancellous bone produce?

production of blood cells

-red blood cells

-white blood cells

-platelets

What is the difference between endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

1. endochondral: bone replaces cartilage, is slower, and occurs in areas of skeleton (long bones)

2. intramembraneous: bone replaces membrane, rapidly, occurs in bones needed for protection (skull of baby(

Where are short bones only located? What shape do they have? What is the primary function? What do they consist of?

1. only in the wrist & ankles (8 wrist/ 7 tarsal)

2. cuboidal- as long as they are wide

3. provides support and stability with little movement

4. thin layer of compact bone & large amounts of bone marrow

Name some functions of irregular bones and give some examples.

Functions:

1. protection of nervous tissue (vertebrae protect spinal cord)

2. anchor points for muscle attachment (sacrum)

3. maintain pharynx & trachea support & tongue attachment (hyoid bone)

Examples: 

1. vertebrae (spine)

2. sacrum & coccyx

3. mandible

4. hyoid bone

What is a flat bone? What are some examples?

two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow between them

1. sternum

2. ribs

3. scapulae

Define this skeletal terminology:

1. process

2. spine

3. tubercle

4. tuberosity

5. trochanter

6. crest

7. condyle

8. head

9. fossa

10. groove/sulcus

11. sinus

12. foramen

13. meatus

1. prominence

2. sharp prominence

3. rounded projection

4. larger rounded projection

5. very large bony prominence

6. ridge

7. round process of an articulating bone

8. enlargement at the end of a bone

9. pit

10. furrow

11. cavity within a bone

12. opening

13. tubelike

what classification of joints are synovial joints?

Diarthrosis (freely moveable)

What classification of joints are cartilagenous?

amphiarthrosis (limited movement/ slight)

What classification of joints are fibrous joints?

synarthrosis (immovable) & on ocassion, amphiarthrosis (slight movement)

What are the 3 classifications of fibrous joints?

1. Syndesmosis- slightly moveable (amphiathrosis)

2. Suture- immoveable (synarthrosis)

3. Gomphosis- very limited movement

What are the 2 classifications of cartilaginous joints?

1. symphysis (slightly moveable)

2. Synchondrosis (immoveable)

What is a synovial joint that allows movement in 1 plane?

hinge

TF: the hyoid bone is part of the appendicular skeleton

false

What system is the alimentary canal apart of?

Digestive

What are the functions of the liver?

1. produces bile to aid in digestion

2. processes blood returning from organs

3. creates nutrients

What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

stores bile until stimulated by CCK (cholecystokinin) to release bile into duodenum for digestion

What quadrants are the kidneys located in?

RUQ & LUQ

What does the large intestine do?

Absorbs water remaining from indigestible food residue (waste)

what are the 4 main divisions of the respiratory system?

1. pharynx

2. trachea

3. bronchi 

4. lungs

What are the 3 parts to the pluera and where are they located?

1. Parietal: outermost layer

2. Visceral: innermost layer

3. Pleural space: space between 2 layers with fluid NOT lung tissue

What are alveoli?

tiny sacs at the ends of bronchioles

-where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide during respiration

What does the epiglottis do?

swallowing

-temporarily closes off trachea to allow fluid & liquid to pass into the esophagus

What is the esophagogastric junction?

area where esophagus joins the stomach, functioning as a valve to controll food passage and stomach acid

What is the function of the small intestine?

absorbs nutrients and water for delivery to the rest of the body